1、Designation: F 2370 05Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Using aSweating Manikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2370; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe type of clothing worn by people directly affects the heat exchange between the human body andthe environm
3、ent. The heat transfer is both sensible (conduction, convection, and radiation) and latent(evaporation). The evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble is dependent upon the designs andmaterials used in the component garments, the amount of body surface area covered by the clothing,the distributi
4、on of the layers over the body, looseness or tightness of fit, and the increased surface areafor heat loss. Evaporative resistance measurements made on fabrics alone do not take these factors intoaccount. Measurements of the resistance to evaporative heat loss provided by clothing can be usedwith th
5、ermal resistance values (Test Method F 1291) to determine the comfort or stress of people indifferent environments.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the evapo-rative resistance of clothing ensembles. It describes the mea-surement of the resistance to evaporative heat transfer
6、from aheated sweating thermal manikin to a relatively calm environ-ment.1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothingmeasurement on a standing manikin.1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are notaddressed in this test method.1.2 The evaporative resistance values obtained a
7、pply only tothe particular ensembles evaluated and for the specified envi-ronmental conditions of each test, particularly with respect toair movement and sweating simulations.1.3 Evaporative resistance values reported in SI units shallbe regarded as standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to add
8、ress all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 691 Practic
9、e for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF 1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulationof Clothing Using a Heated Manikin2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 9920 Ergonomics of the Thermal EnvironmentEstimation of the Thermal Insulation and EvaporationResistance
10、 of a Clothing Ensemble3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 clothing ensemble, na group of garments worntogether on the body at the same time.3.1.2 clothing area factor (fcl), nthe ratio of the surfacearea of the clothed body to the surface area of the nude body.3.1.3 evaporative resistance, nthe res
11、istance to evapora-tive heat transfer from the body to the environment.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe evaporative resistance values canbe used to compare different clothing ensembles as long aseach test is conducted using the same experimental proceduresand test conditions. The following evaporative resistan
12、cevalues can be determined in this method:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 onProtective Clothing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F23.60 onHuman Factors.Current edition approved September 15, 2005. Published October 2005.2For referenced ASTM standards
13、, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New
14、 York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Rea= evaporative resistance of the air layer on thesurface of the nude manikins sweating surfacemeasured under isothermal conditions.Ret= total evaporative resistance of
15、 the clothing andsurface air layer around the manikin measuredunder isothermal conditions.Recl= intrinsic evaporative resistance of the clothingmeasured under isothermal conditions.ARea= apparent evaporative resistance of the air layer onthe surface of the nude manikins sweating surfacemeasured unde
16、r non-isothermal conditions.ARet= apparent total evaporative resistance of the cloth-ing and surface air layer around the manikinmeasured under non-isothermal conditions.ARecl= apparent intrinsic evaporative resistance of theclothing measured under non-isothermal condi-tions.3.1.4 total thermal resi
17、stance (Rt)the total resistance todry heat loss from the manikin that includes the resistanceprovided by the ensemble and the air layer around the clothedmanikin.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and comparethe evaporative resistance provided by different clothing s
18、ys-tems. The evaporative resistance values for ensembles mea-sured under isothermal conditions can be used in models thatpredict the physiological responses of people in differentenvironmental conditions.4.2 The measurement of the evaporative resistance providedby clothing is complex and dependent u
19、pon the apparatus andtechniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scopeto establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Depar-tures from the instructions in this test method have the potentialto lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowl-edge concerning
20、 the theory of heat transfer, moisture transfer,temperature, and air motion measurement, and testing practicesis needed to evaluate which departures from the instructionsgiven in this test method are significant. Standardization of themethod reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for suchtechnica
21、l knowledge. Report any departures with the results.5. Apparatus45.1 ManikinA standing manikin shall be used that isformed in the shape and size of an adult male or female andheated to a constant average surface temperature.5.1.1 Size and ShapeThe manikin shall be constructed tosimulate the body of
22、a human being; that is, it shall consist ofa head, chest/back, abdomen/buttocks, arms, hands (preferablywith fingers extended to allow gloves to be worn), legs, andfeet. Total surface area shall be 1.8 6 0.3 m2, and height shallbe 170 6 10 cm. The manikins dimensions shall correspond tothose require
23、d for standard sizes of garments because devia-tions in fit will affect the results.5.1.2 Sweat GenerationThe manikin must have the abilityto evaporate water from its surface. Sweating system can be awater-fed capillary body suit worn over a thermal manikin.Sweating can also be simulated by supplyin
24、g water to andmaintaining it at the inner surface of a waterproof, butmoisture-permeable fabric skin. Other technologies exist thatdeliver water to the manikins surface with a valve deliverysystem.5.1.2.1 Sweating Surface AreaThe entire surface of themanikin shall be heated and sweating including th
25、e head, chest,back, abdomen, buttocks, arms, hands, legs, and feet.5.1.3 Surface TemperatureThe manikin shall be con-structed so as to maintain a uniform temperature distributionover the nude body surface, with no local hot or cold spots. Themean surface (skin) temperature of the manikin shall be 35
26、C.Local deviations from the mean surface temperature shall notexceed 60.5C. Temperature uniformity of the nude manikinshall be evaluated at least once annually using an infraredthermal imaging system or equivalent method. This procedureshall also be repeated after repairs or alterations are complete
27、dthat could affect temperature uniformity, for example, replace-ment of a heating element.5.2 Methods of Measuring Evaporative ResistanceTheevaporative resistance of a clothing system shall be measuredby measuring the power consumption of the manikin (Option 1in 8.6) or by measuring the evaporation
28、rate of the liquidexiting the garment (Option 2 in 8.6).5.2.1 Power-Measuring InstrumentsIf power consump-tion method (Option 1) is used to calculate evaporativeresistance, the power to the manikin shall be measured so as togive an average over the period of a test. If time proportioningor phase pro
29、portioning is used for power control, then devicesthat are capable of averaging over the control cycle arerequired. Integrating devices (watt-hour meters) are preferredover instantaneous devices (watt meters). Overall accuracy ofthe power monitoring equipment must be within 62 % of thereading for th
30、e average power for the test period. Since thereare a variety of devices and techniques used for powermeasurement, no specified calibration procedures shall begiven. However, an appropriate power calibration procedure isto be developed and documented.5.2.2 Equipment for Measuring Evaporative Water L
31、ossIfthe rate of evaporation method (Option 2) is used to calculateevaporative heat loss, the mass loss due to evaporation shall bemeasured by a set of balances to give an accurate average overthe period of a test. One balance shall be used to measure theamount of water being fed to the manikin whil
32、e the othermeasures the weight change of the manikin. Both balancesshall be calibrated yearly and have a resolution to the nearestgram.5.2.2.1 Measuring Water Dripping from the ManikinApan large enough to retain all water drippings from the manikinduring steady-state measurements, must be utilized i
33、f the rateof evaporation method (Option 2) is used to calculate theevaporative resistance of a clothing system. The captured watershall be measured at the end of the test with a calibrated4Information on laboratories with sweating manikins can be obtained from theTextile Protection and Comfort Cente
34、r, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,NC 27695 or from the Institute for Environmental Research, Kansas StateUniversity, Manhattan, KS 66506.F2370052balance having a resolution to the nearest gram. Water lossfrom dripping is subtracted out of the evaporation rate used tocalculate evaporative r
35、esistance.DiscussionIf evaporation from the collection pan is aconcern, place a highly absorbent material (example: diaperlining) in the pan to collect and retain all liquid that has drippedfrom the manikin.5.3 Equipment for Measuring the Manikins Surface (Skin)TemperatureThe mean surface temperatur
36、e shall be mea-sured with point sensors or distributed temperature sensors.5.3.1 Point SensorsPoint sensors shall be thermocouples,resistance temperature devices (RTDs), thermistors, or equiva-lent sensors. They shall be no more than 2 mm thick and shallbe well-bonded, both mechanically and thermall
37、y, to themanikins surface. Lead wires shall be bonded to the surface orpass through the interior of the manikin, or both. Each sensortemperature shall be area-weighted when calculating the meansurface temperature for the body. A minimum of 15 pointsensors are required. At least one sensor shall be p
38、laced on thehead, chest, back, abdomen, buttocks, and both the right andleft upper arm, lower arm, hand, thigh, calf, and foot. Thesesensors must be placed in the same position for each test andthe placement of the sensors shall be given in the report.5.3.2 Distributed SensorsIf distributed sensors
39、are used(for example, resistance wire), then the sensors must bedistributed over the surface so that all areas are equallyweighted. If several such sensors are used to measure thetemperature of different parts of the body, then their respectivetemperatures shall be area-weighted when calculating the
40、 meansurface temperature. Distributed sensors shall be less than 1mm in diameter and firmly attached to the manikin surface atall points.5.4 Controlled Environmental ChamberThe manikinshall be placed in a chamber at least 1.5 by 1.5 by 2.5 m indimension that can provide uniform conditions, both spat
41、iallyand temporally.5.4.1 Spatial VariationsSpatial variations shall not exceedthe following: air temperature 61C, relative humidity 65%,and air velocity 650 % of the mean value. In addition, themean radiant temperature shall not be more than 1.0Cdifferent from the mean air temperature. The spatial
42、uniformityshall be verified at least annually or after any significantmodifications are made to the chamber. Spatial uniformity shallbe verified by recording values for the conditions stated aboveat heights of 0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 1.4, and 1.7 m above the floor at thelocation occupied by the manikin. Sens
43、ing devices specifiedbelow shall be used when measuring the environmental con-ditions.5.4.2 Temporal VariationsTemporal variations shall notexceed the following: air temperature 60.5C, mean radianttemperature 60.5C, relative humidity 65 %, air velocity620 % of the mean value for data averaged over 5
44、 min. (see5.4.5).5.4.3 Relative Humidity Measuring EquipmentAny hu-midity sensing device with an accuracy of 65 % relativehumidity and a repeatability of 63 % is acceptable (forexample, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). Only onelocation needs to be monitored during a test to ensure that thet
45、emporal uniformity requirements are met.5.4.4 Air Temperature SensorsShielded air temperaturesensors shall be used. Any sensor with an overall accuracy of60.15C is acceptable (for example, RTD, thermocouple,thermistor). The sensor shall have a time constant not exceed-ing 1 min. The sensor(s) shall
46、be 0.5 m from the manikin. If asingle sensor is used, it shall be 1.0 m above the floor. Ifmultiple sensors are used, they shall be spaced at equal heightintervals and their readings averaged.5.4.5 Air Velocity IndicatorAn omni-directional anemom-eter with 60.05 m/s accuracy shall be used. Measureme
47、ntsshall be averaged for at least 1 min at each location. If it isdemonstrated that velocity does not vary temporally by morethan 60.05 m/s, then it is not necessary to monitor air velocityduring a test. However, the value of the mean air velocity mustbe reported. If air velocity is monitored, then
48、measurementlocation requirements are the same as for temperature.6. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units6.1 SamplingIt is desirable to test three identical en-sembles to reflect sample variability. However, if only oneensemble is available (that is often the case with prototypegarments), replica
49、te measurements shall be made on oneensemble.6.1.1 If only one ensemble is available, the garments mustbe removed from the manikin after each test, dried, andconditioned as specified in 6.4 before retesting.6.2 Specimen Size and FitSelect the size of garments thatwill fit the manikin appropriately (that is, the way the manu-facturer designed them to be worn on the human body duringtheir intended end use). For example, some knitted garmentsare designed to fit the body relatively tightly. Others aredesigned to fit loosely to accommodate a wider ran
