1、Designation: F 2414 04 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Practice forSealing Sewer Manholes Using Chemical Grouting1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2414; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers proposed selection of materials,installation techniques, and inspection required for sealingmanholes
3、 using chemical grout. Manholes or sections ofmanholes with active leaks shall be repaired. Manholes to begrouted are of brick, block, cast-in-place concrete, precastconcrete, or fiberglass construction. Manholes or sections ofmanholes with active leaks will be designated by the engineer,owners repr
4、esentative, or authorized inspector, for manholegrouting.1.2 The contractor shall be responsible for furnishing alllabor, supervision, materials, equipment, and inspectionfollow-up required for the completion of chemical grouting ofmanhole defects in accordance with the contract documents.1.3 Materi
5、als, additives, mixture ratios, and proceduresutilized for the grouting process shall be in accordance withmanufacturers recommendations and shall be appropriate forthe application.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematic
6、alconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health p
7、ractices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 acrylamideorganic solid of white, odorless, acrylicresinous material available in flake-like crystals and in liquidform. The greatest use of acrylam
8、ide is as a coagulant aid indrinking water treatment. Other major uses of acrylamide arein soil stabilization, in grout for repairing sewers and inacrylamide gels used in biotechnology laboratories.2.1.2 acrylatea general term applied to various water-soluble acrylic resinous materials.2.1.3 authori
9、zed inspectorthe person(s) contracted or ap-proved by the owner or owners representative to do inspec-tions.2.1.4 catalystsubstance which markedly speeds up thecure of an adhesive when added in small quantities ascompared to the amounts of primary reactants.2.1.5 chemical groutinjection repair media
10、 other thancementitious grout that may be multi-component, with orwithout additives, and based on either polyurethane resin oracrylic resin.2.1.6 control agentsubstance added which controls theviscosity or flow properties of the material it is added to.2.1.7 engineeran engineer registered in the sta
11、te wherethe work is to be done who has been contracted by or is actingon behalf of the owner or the owners representative.2.1.8 exfiltrationleaking or weeping to the external areasoutside the barrier from a source inside the barrier.2.1.9 expanded gasket procedure (EGP)the sealing ofjoints, cracks,
12、or holes by soaking dry, oil-free oakum withchemical grout and forcing the oakum/resin plug into theopening until it sets.2.1.10 hydrophilic grouthydrophilic grout will absorb andreact with the water it comes into contact with.2.1.11 hydrophobic grouthydrophobic grout will repelwater and push it awa
13、y.2.1.12 manholevertical shafts that intersect with sewersto allow transitions in alignment and grade and to allow entryfor cleaning, inspection, and maintenance.2.1.13 oakumloose hemp or jute fiber, sometimes treatedwith resin or grout, used chiefly for caulking seams instructures and boats as well
14、 as packing pipe joints.2.1.14 owners representativethe individual who has beencontracted to act on behalf of the owner for project planningand supervision.2.1.15 polyurethane resinany of various polymer resinscontaining the urethane radical; a wide variety of syntheticforms are made and used as adh
15、esives, plastics, foams, paints,or rubber-like materials.2.1.16 RCPreinforced concrete pipe.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F36 on Technologyand Underground Utilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F36.20on Inspection and Renewal of Water and Wastewater I
16、nfrastructure.Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F 2414 04.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.1.17 rehabilitated manholea ma
17、nhole restored to itsintended capacity or use per the specifications.2.1.18 repaired or sealed manholea manhole that hasbeen sealed from detected infiltration or exfiltrations, but notnecessarily restored to its original designed capacity.2.1.19 sewerwaste water sewer or storm drain sewer.3. Signifi
18、cance and Use3.1 This practice is used as a guide for the installation ofchemical grout in the practice of sealing sewer manholes fromleaks, cracks, and around penetrations. It is attended to assistsewer owners and engineer, owners representative, or autho-rized inspectors for installation method sp
19、ecification and forcontractors to refer to during installations of chemical grout formanhole sealing.4. Materials4.1 Grouting MaterialsChemical grout sealing material:4.1.1 Acrylamide base gel,4.1.2 Acrylic base gel,4.1.3 Hydrophilic polyurethane foam or gel,4.1.4 Hydrophobic polyurethane foam or ge
20、l, and4.1.5 Oil-free, oakum-soaked polyurethane resin.4.2 Grouting Materials CharacteristicsSpecific charac-teristics that pertain to the application requirements are to bedefined and approved by the owners representative or projectengineer of record. The following general characteristics orproperti
21、es shall be exhibited by the chemical grout:4.2.1 The chemical grout shall have documented service ofsatisfactory performance in similar usage and should have amanufacturers written guarantee of performance for the appli-cation of sewer manhole sealing under intended conditions andwhen installed per
22、 the manufacturers instructions.4.2.2 The chemical grout shall have controllable reactiontimes and minimal shrinkage, as specified by the owner,owners representative, or engineer, through the use of chemi-cals supplied by the same manufacturer. The minimum set timeshall be established so that adequa
23、te grout travel is achieved.4.2.3 The chemical grout shall have resistance to chemicals,most organic solvents, mild acids, and alkali. The manufacturerof the chemical grout shall be able to certify that the curedchemical grout is resistant to chemicals, most organic solvents,mild acids, and alkali a
24、nd provide such certification to thecontractor when requested.4.2.4 The chemical grout shall be essentially non-toxic in acured form. The manufacturer of the chemical grout shall beable to certify that the cured chemical grout is non-toxic andprovide such certification to the contractor when request
25、ed.4.2.5 Sealing material shall not be rigid or brittle whensubjected to dry atmosphere. Use consideration when selectingmaterials for freeze/thaw and moving load conditions. Theengineer is to specify which chemical grout type can or cannotbe exposed to dry atmosphere and which types must beinstalle
26、d into soils or wet conditions only, based on thechemical grout properties and recommended applications.4.2.6 The sealing material shall be non-corrosive.4.2.7 Careful consideration of current or potential wet-drycycles, ground pressures, and thermal conditions and applica-tion requirements must be
27、thoroughly reviewed by the contrac-tor or engineer when choosing or approving the appropriatetype of chemical grout.4.2.8 Careful consideration of water type (storm waterversus waste water) is to be considered when choosing orapproving the appropriate type of materials.4.3 AdditivesThe chemical grou
28、t must be applied so as tohave the grout material flow freely into the defects. To avoidany wasting of the material flowing through the defects gelcontrol agent may be added. Grout additions may also be usedfor catalyzing the reaction, inhibiting the reaction, buffering thesolution, lowering the fre
29、ezing temperature of the solution,acting as filler, providing strength, or inhibition of root growth.4.3.1 Additives must not alter other intended final propertiesand characteristics of the original material other than theproperties targeted for improvement.4.4 Material IdentificationThe contractor
30、shall com-pletely identify the types of grout, sealant, root control chemi-cals, or any combination thereof, used and provide casehistories of successful use or defend the choice of groutingmaterials based on chemical and tested physical properties,ease of application, and expected performance to th
31、e satisfac-tion of the engineer, owners representative, or authorizedinspector. The grout materialsTechnical Data Sheets, MaterialSafety Data Sheets, and the manufacturers application instruc-tions are to be submitted for approval by the engineer, ownersrepresentative, or authorized inspector.4.5 Mi
32、xing and Handling:4.5.1 HazardsMixing and handling of chemical grout,which may be toxic under certain conditions, shall be inaccordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer andin such a manner as to minimize hazard to personnel. It is theresponsibility of the contractor to provide appropriat
33、e protec-tive measures to ensure that the chemicals are handled byauthorized personnel and in the proper manner.4.5.2 All equipment shall be subject to the approval of theengineer, owners representative, or authorized inspector. Onlypersonnel thoroughly familiar with the handling of the groutmateria
34、l and additives shall perform the grouting operations.5. Procedure5.1 Manhole grouting shall not be performed until the repairor stabilization (bracing) of the manhole frame and grade ringsor any other structural manhole repairs are complete.5.2 Preliminary Repairs:5.2.1 The contractor shall cut and
35、 trim all stems and rootswithin the manhole.5.2.2 The contractor shall seal all unsealed lifting holes,unsealed step holes, and voids larger than approximately12 in.(1 cm) in thickness. All cracked or deteriorated material shallbe removed from the area to be patched and replaced with awaterproof qui
36、ck-setting mortar in accordance with manufac-turers specifications. The EGP method is also acceptable forplugging lift holes and similar patching.5.2.3 As required to complete sealing of the manhole, thecontractor may be required to perform the EGP in addition to,or as well as, the injection of chem
37、ical grout into voids or soilsurrounding the manhole to control inflowing water in largercracks, joints, or pipe to manhole boots. EGP is the sealing ofF 2414 04 (2009)2joints, cracks, or holes by soaking dry, oil-free oakum withchemical grout and forcing the oakum/resin plug into theopening until i
38、t sets.5.2.4 The contractor may also be required to perform theEGP to seal intruding drop or lateral connections, slip lineterminal seals, and open joints in RCP manholes.5.2.5 The contractor may also be required to perform theEGP to seal between the corbel and grade rings and betweenthe manhole fra
39、me and grade rings.5.2.6 Grout Curtain SealingIf a chemical grout curtain isrequired around a brick or block manhole, the procedure mayinvolve the use of chemical grout in combination with acoating.5.2.7 The manhole surface shall be cleaned, patched, and allactive leaks plugged and confirmed by the
40、engineer, ownersrepresentative, or authorized inspector, before coatings may beapplied.5.3 TemperatureNormal grouting operations shall be per-formed in accordance with manufacturers recommendations.5.4 Chemical Grouting Material UsageChemical grout-ing of the manhole may include corbel, wall, pipe s
41、eals,manhole joints, wall to flattop joint, bench/trough, or anycombination thereof. Chemical grouting may also includeprobe grouting around the exterior of the manhole and into thesurrounding soil in order to seal off or keep water away fromthe manhole, or to stabilize loose soils around the manhol
42、e.The engineer, owners representative, or authorized inspector,will direct areas of the manhole designated to be grouted. If theentire manhole is scheduled for grouting, grouting shall includethe entire manhole including corbel, wall, pipe seals, andbench/trough. Pipe seal grouting shall include all
43、 pipe seals inthe specified manhole and grouting of the specified manholeincluding the bench/trough to the maximum height of 18 in.(46 cm) from the crown of the pipes (see Fig. 1).5.5 Drilling and Injection:5.5.1 Injection holes shall be drilled through the manholewall at locations as recommended by
44、 the manufacturer. Injec-tion holes are always to be drilled staggered within rows (seeFig. 1). Additional injection holes shall be drilled near ob-served defects and at pipe seals.5.5.2 Grout shall be injected through the holes under pres-sure with a suitable probe. Injection pressure shall not cau
45、seFIG. 1 Manhole with Spiral Pattern Drill HolesF 2414 04 (2009)3damage to the manhole structure or surrounding surfacefeatures. Grout shall be injected through the lowest holes first.The procedure shall be repeated until the manhole is externallysealed with grout.5.5.3 External grouting from the gr
46、ound surface may berequired to seal leaks due to cavities and voids around themanhole.5.5.4 Grout travel shall be verified by observation of groutextruding from defects or adjacent injection holes. Additionalinjection holes shall be drilled, if necessary, to ensure obser-vation of grout travel to al
47、l required regions.5.5.5 Injection holes shall be cleaned and patched with awaterproof quick-setting mortar for appropriate use on the typeof substrate material the manhole is composed of.6. Testing of Sealed Manholes6.1 For exfiltration or vacuum testing usually 10 % of thesealed manholes are teste
48、d, as chosen or required by theinspector. Manholes that fail are reworked and retested by thecontractor. If more that 5 % of the manholes tested fail theinitial test, an additional 10 % of the sealed manholes aretested. This process continues until the testing is satisfactory oruntil all manholes ha
49、ve been tested.6.2 Limitations of testing include recognizing that exfiltra-tion and vacuum testing may be non-applicable or cost-prohibitive for all manholes; therefore, the use of either methodis subject to the following considerations.6.2.1 Complete SealingThese test methods are applicableonly when the entire manhole has been sealed or rehabilitated.The sealing or rehabilitation of only some portions of themanhole may cause these tests to fail. Therefore spot repairsand partial sealing or rehabilitation can only be tested byobservat
