1、Designation: F2437 14F2437/F2437M 17Standard Specification forCarbon and Alloy Steel Compressible-Washer-Type DirectTension Indicators for Use with Cap Screws, Bolts, Anchors,and Studs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2437;F2437/F2437M; the number immediately following the design
2、ation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the r
3、equirements for carbon and alloy steel compressible-washer-type direct tension indicators(DTIs) capable of indicating a specified bolt tension in cap screws, bolts, anchors, and studs.1.2 Direct tension indicators in nominal diameter inch sizes 14 through 212 in. and metric sizes M6 and M72 are cove
4、red.1.3 There are two Types of DTIs covered by this specification, Type 1 Direct tension indicators have two styles and four gradesfor inch fasteners, Grades 5, 8, 55, and 105, and two property classes for metric fasteners, property classes 8.8 and 10.9 each ofwhich differ in their compressive load
5、requirements at a given gap (see Table 1 and Table 2Type 2.).1.3.1 TypeStyle 1 DTIs are suitable for comparatively largesmaller bearing surfaces. TypeStyle 1 DTIs are available in Grades555 and 105,8, which differ in the amount of tension they indicate at a prescribed gap (see Table 1 and Table 3).N
6、OTE 1Examples of a comparatively large bearing surface would include heavy hex bolts, heavy hex nuts, and so forth.1.3.2 TypeStyle 2 DTIs are suitable for comparatively smallerlarge bearing surfaces.Type surfaces. Style 2 DTIs are availablein Grades 555 and 8,105, which differ in the amount of tensi
7、on they indicate at a prescribed gap (see Table 1 and Table 3).NOTE 2Examples of a comparatively small bearing surface would include a hex cap screw, hex nut, and so forth.1.4 Direct tension indicators are intended for installation under a bolt or cap screw head, a hex nut, or against a hardened was
8、heror other flat hardened surface.1.5 Recommended FastenersFasteners meeting the requirements of the standards referenced in Table 3 are consideredcompatible with the DTI grade or class listed.1.6 The values stated for Inch DTIs are expressed in inch-pound units are and for Metric DTIs values are ex
9、pressed in SIunits.The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement areincluded in this separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shallbe used independently of th
10、e other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.7 The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test method portions, Section 12 and Appendix XI of thisspecification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, i
11、f any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized
12、principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A193/A193M Specification forA
13、lloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting for HighTemperature or High Pressure Service and OtherSpecial Purpose Applications1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts, Nuts, Rivetsand Washers.C
14、urrent edition approved June 1, 2014March 15, 2017. Published June 2014April 2017. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 20122014 asF243712.14. DOI: 10.1520/F2437-14.10.1520/F2437_F2437M-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM C
15、ustomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to
16、 the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summa
17、ry of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1A194/A194M Specification for Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or HighTemperature S
18、ervice, or BothA307 Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts, Studs, and Threaded Rod 60 000 PSI Tensile StrengthA325 Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength (Withdrawn 2016)3A354 Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs, and
19、Other Externally Threaded FastenersA449 Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105/90 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength,General UseA563 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel NutsTABLE 1 Acceptable Range of Compression LoadA for Inch DTIsDTINominalDiameter(in.)Mean
20、Compression LoadB Rangein Pounds (lbs)Style 1Mean Compression LoadC Rangein Pounds (lbs)Style 2Grade 5 Grade 8 Grade 55 Grade 10514 2200 to 2450 3100 to 3450 . . . . . .516 3500 to 3850 4950 to 5500 . . . . . .38 5300 to 5850 7500 to 8300 . . . . . .716 7200 to 7900 10 100 to 11 200 . . . . . .12 97
21、00 to 10 700 13 700 to 15 340 4450 to 4900 8500 to 9400916 12 350 to 13 600 17 400 to 19 200 5700 to 6300 10 900 to 12 05058 15 550 to 17 200 21 850 to 24 200 7050 to 7800 13 500 to 15 00034 22 600 to 25 000 31 900 to 35 300 10 500 to 11 600 20 000 to 22 15078 30 850 to 34 100 43 550 to 48 100 14 50
22、0 to 16 000 27 650 to 30 5501 40 200 to 44 400 56 700 to 62 700 19 000 to 21 000 36 250 to 40 100118 40 250 to 44 450 73 150 to 80 900 23 950 to 26 450 47 300 to 52 300114 51 100 to 56 450 91 750 to 101 450 30 400 to 33 600 59 850 to 66 150138 61 150 to 67 600 112 450 to 124 250 38 550 to 42 600 73
23、800 to 81 600112 74 350 to 82 150 135 150 to 149 400 44 050 to 48 700 89 300 to 98 700158 . . . . . . 55 800 to 61 700 106 200 to 117 400134 74 450 to 82 300 177 850 to 196 500 59 550 to 65 850 124 600 to 137 750178 . 206 050 to 227 750 75 550 to 83 500 144 500 to 159 7002 98 000 to 108 300 236 850
24、to 261 750 78 650 to 86 950 165 800 to 183 300214 127 400 to 140 800 277 900 to 307 100 102 050 to 112 750 212 900 to 235 350212 156 750 to 173 250 379 600 to 419 600 125 400 to 138 600 240 550 to 265 850A Compression load requirements establish the capability of the direct tension indicators to sat
25、isfy typical tension requirements for these grades. The user is not obligedto install fasteners and DTIs to these tensions, and is free to specify installation to lower tension values. When so specified, the DTI supplier shall provide a load-gap curvein accordance with 15.2 to enable the user to sel
26、ect the appropriate gap criteria for the intended target tension of the application.BThe Mean compression load values for Grades 5 and 8 in nominal sizes up through 1-12 in are based upon 75% of the proof load for SAE J429 cap screws. For Grade5 in nominal sizes over 1-12 in and up to 2-12 in inclus
27、ive, the mean compression load values are based on 75% of the proof load for ASTM A449. For grade 8 in nominalsizes over 1-12 in and up to 2-12 in inclusive, mean compression load values are based upon 75 % of the proof load for ASTM A354BD.C Mean compression load values for Grades 55 and 105 are ba
28、sed upon 60 % of the yield strength for the matching fasteners on which they are used.TABLE 2 Acceptable Range of Compression LoadA for Metric DTIsNominal Diameter (M) Mean Compression Load Range in kNProperty Class 8.8 Property Class 10.9M6 8 to 9 12 to 13M8 15 to 17 22 to 24M10 24 to 27 35 to 38M1
29、2 35 to 39 50 to 55M14 48 to 53 68 to 75M16 65 to 72 93 to 103M18 82 to 91 114 to 125M20 105 to 116 145 to 160M22 130 to 143 179 to 198M24 151 to 167 209 to 231M27 196 to 217 271 to 300M30 240 to 265 332 to 367M33 297 to 328 410 to 454M36 349 to 386 483 to 534M39 417 to 461 577 to 638M42 479 to 529
30、662 to 732M45 560 to 619 775 to 856M48 628 to 695 869 to 961M52 752 to 832 1041 to 1150M56 868 to 959 1200 to 1327M60 1009 to 1115 1396 to 1543M64 1146 to 1266 1585 to 1752M68 1308 to 1446 1810 to 2000M72 1479 to 1635 2046 to 2262A The Mean compression load values for property classes 8.8 and 10.9 a
31、re based upon 75% of the proof load for ISO 898-1 Bolts/Stud/Screws.F2437/F2437M 172B633 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on Iron and SteelB695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically Deposited on Iron and SteelF436F436/F436M Specification for Hardened Steel Washers (Metri
32、c) F0436_F0436M Inch and Metric DimensionsF606F606/F606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,Washers, and Rivets (Metric) F0606_F0606M Direct Tension Indicators, and RivetsF1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechanical
33、 Properties and Performance InspectionF1554 Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55, and 105-ksi Yield StrengthF1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical FastenersF1941F1941/F1941M Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings on Threaded Fasteners (Metric) F1941_F1941M MechanicalFasteners, Inch and M
34、etric2.2 ASME Standards:3ASME B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws, Inch SeriesASME B18.2.2 Nuts for GeneralApplications: Machine Screw Nuts, Hex, Square, Hex Flange, and Coupling Nuts (Inch Series)3 Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters,
35、Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.TABLE 3 Recommended FastenersAType/Grade Recommended Cap Screws,Bolts, Anchors, or StudsRecommendedHexB NutsRecommendedFlat WashersCType 1Grade 55SpecificationF1554 Grade55SpecificationA307Specification A194/A194M 2HSpecification A563 A, C
36、, DHSpecification F436Type 1Grade 105SpecificationA193/A193MB7SpecificationF1554 Grade105Specification A194/A194M 2HSpecification A563 DHSpecification F436Type 2Grade 5SpecificationA449, Specifi-cation A354BCSAE J429Grade 5SAE J995 Grade 5Specification A563 B, C, D, DHSpecification F436Type 2Grade 8
37、SpecificationA354 BDSAE J429Grade 8SAE J995 Grade 8Specification A563 D, DHSpecification F436TABLE 3 Recommended FastenersSeries/Grade or Property Class Recommended Cap Screws,Bolts, Anchors, or StudsARecommendedNutsBRecommendedFlat WashersInchFastenersStyle 2 Grade55Specification F1554 Grade 55Spec
38、ification A307Specification A194/A194M2HSpecification A563 A, C,DHSpecification F436/F436MStyle 2 Grade105Specification A193/A193M B7Specification F1554 Grade 105Specification A194/A194M2HSpecification A563 DHSpecification F436/F436MStyle 1 Grade5Specification A449, SpecificationA354 BCSAE J429 Grad
39、e 5SAE J995 Grade 5Specification A563 B, C, D,DHSpecification F436/F436MStyle 1 Grade8Specification A354 BDSAE J429 Grade 8SAE J995 Grade 8Specification A563 D, DHSpecification F436/F436MMetric Fas-tenersProperty Class8.8Specification ISO 898-1Class 8.8Specification ISO 898-2Class 10Specification IS
40、O 887 (300HV)DIN 125 Part 2Property Class10.9Specification ISO 898-1Class 10.9Specification ISO 898-2Class 10Specification ISO 887 (300HV)ISO 7089A For use of fasteners manufactured to other standards, seeA Inch bolt and cap screw dimensions are designated 5.5.1.in ASME B18.2.1 and metric bolt dimen
41、sions aredesignated in ISO 4014.B When DTIs are placed directly against the nut, heavy hex nuts are recommended for Type 1 DTIs.Inch nuts dimensions are designated inASME B18.2.2 and metric nutdimensions are designated in ISO 4032.C Flat washers of comparable hardness and thicknesses with inside dia
42、meters conforming toASME B18.2.8 for close tolerance holes are suitable alternatives. Flat washerswith larger outside diameters are permissible with the approval of the DTI manufacturer.F2437/F2437M 173ASME B18.2.8 Clearance Holes for Bolts Screws, and Studs2.3 SAE Standard:Standards:4SAE J429 Mecha
43、nical and Material Requirements for Externally Threaded FastenersSAE J995 Mechanical and Material Requirements for Steel Nuts2.4 ISO Standards5ISO 887 : Plain washers for metric bolts, screws and nuts for general purposes - General planISO 898-1 : Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon st
44、eel and alloy steel - Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs withspecified property classes - Coarse thread and fine pitchISO 898-2 : Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel Part 2: Nuts with specified propertyclasses Coarse thread and fine pitch threadISO 4014 : Hexagon hea
45、d bolts - Product grades A and BISO 4032 : Hexagon regular nuts (style 1) - Product grades A and BISO 7089 : Plain washers Normal series Product grade A3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 compressible-washer-type direct tension indicator, na washer-type element ins
46、erted under the cap screw or bolt head,hex nut, or hardened washer, having the capability of indicating the achievement of a required bolt tension by the degree of directtension indicator plastic deformation. Hereafter referred to as direct tension indicator or DTI. Alternatively, DTIs are commonlyr
47、eferred to as load-indicating washers or tension-indicating washers.3.1 For terminology definitions refer to Terminology F1789.4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders for direct tension indicators under this specification shall include the following:4.1.1 Quantity (number of pieces);4.1.2 Name of product
48、(direct tension indicator);4.1.3 Size, that is, nominal diameter;4.1.4 ASTM designation and year of issue (if not specified, current issue shall be used);4.1.5 Type and Grade: Grade: Grade 5, 8, 55 or 105 for inch products or property class 8.8 or 10.9 for metric products.4.1.5.1 Type 1Style 2Either
49、 Grade 55 or Grade 105,4.1.5.2 Type 2Style 1Either Grade 5 or Grade 8;4.1.6 Finish or coating type, if required (5.4);4.1.7 Source inspection, if required (Section 13);4.1.8 Certificates of Compliance, Certificates of Conformance, or Certified Test Reports, if required (Section 15); and4.1.9 Any special requirements, including those for load-gap curves or other special test data, as well as intended bolt, anchor,or stud tension, if known.4.2 Recommended FastenersFasteners meeting the requirements of the Standards referenced in Table 1
