1、Designation: F 2452 04Standard Practice forDetermining the Adhesion of Print Media UtilizingMechanical Stress: Two Different Test MethodsScore/Tapeand Cross Hatch1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2452; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigina
2、l adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes procedures to obtain subjective,but compa
3、rative data for adhesion of print media used inprinters, copies and other reprographic devices.1.2 This method is applicable to constructions where theprint media is subject to failure under mechanical stress frommostly peel conditions (that is, paper, film, cloth, and so forth).1.3 This standard do
4、es not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Sta
5、ndards:F 2226 Practice for Determining the Adhesion of Prints andLaminating Films3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 film and high sized paper substraterecording ele-ment having low water permeability. An internal or surfacesizing of a porous paper substrate minimizes water absorptionand improves in
6、ternal bonds. In the adhesion test fibers do nottear off a paper substrate.3.1.2 porous paper substraterecording element havinglimited internal or surface sizing. This type of papers has weakinternal bonds. It is common in the adhesion test that fibers tearoff a porous substrate.3.1.3 print mediarec
7、ording elements used by printers toreceive inks or toners. The substrate may be paper, plastic,canvas, fabric, or other ink-receptive material. The substratemay, or not, be coated with an ink receptive layer(s).4. Significance and Use4.1 Good adhesion is a prime consideration for print media.For coa
8、ted papers failure can occur between the coating and thesubstrate or between coated layers, while for uncoated papersfailure can occur between the imaged area and the substrate.This practice utilizing mechanical stress allows comparativestudies of print media by examining adhesion in both printedand
9、 unprinted areas.4.2 Factors in the office and outdoor environments, such asheat, cold, thermal shock, ultraviolet/visible radiation andwater vapor can have a similar effect on adhesion as mechani-cal stress.4.3 This practice is used to obtain comparative data ofadhesion strength of print media.5. I
10、nterferences5.1 Since adhesion is dependent on temperature and humid-ity, it is important that the effects of mechanical stress beassessed under the conditions appropriate to the end useapplications. While print media may be handled and displayedunder a variety of conditions, this test practice is i
11、ntended tomeasure adhesion in typical indoor environments.5.2 Adhesion is dependent on temperature and should betested at the manufacturers recommended temperature for thebest performance.5.3 The adhesion of printed images is dependent on theprinting mode, the type of color and the amount of applied
12、 ink.5.4 The practice is intended to measure adhesion of printmedia without specifying above-mentioned parameters.6. Materials6.1 Razor blade, single edge or cutting board, pressure-sensitive tape (25 mm (1 in.) wide).6.1.1 The adhesion strength of pressure-sensitive tape isdependent on lot number d
13、ue to batch production process andstorage time. The same manufacturing tape with identical lotnumber should be used for testing conducted in differentlaboratories. The pressure-sensitive tapes adhesion variesdepending on the coating and substrate. The adhesion strength1This practice is under the jur
14、isdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.03 onResearch.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2004. Published December 2004.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United St
15、ates.of the tape should be agreed upon between the manufacturer ofthe tested coating and the end user.6.2 Test specimens, at least three. They have to be printedwith a test image if prints adhesion is evaluated.7. Test Specimens7.1 The print media method of printing, ink or toner laydown, and handli
16、ng of printed specimens shall be consistentwith their anticipated end use.7.2 The test image can be any picture printed using printfiles containing the appropriate printer setup specific for eachapplication.7.3 The same test image and printer set up should be usedfor comparison purposes.7.4 The reco
17、mmended test image should consist of a stan-dardized arrangement of color patches printed using print filescontaining the appropriate printer setup specific for eachapplication. This test image should contain color patches atmaximum print density of 100 % for each of the primary colorsof cyan, magen
18、ta, yellow, and black, 200 % for the secondarycolors of red, green, and blue, and 300 % for composite black.7.5 The recommended color patches should be circular withminimum diameter of 125 mm (5 in.).7.6 It is recommended that the samples be conditioned 24 hafter printing. The actual testing time af
19、ter printing should bepresented in the report.8. Conditioning8.1 It is recommended that samples be conditioned at 23Cand 50 % RH for at least 24 h after coating or printing.Specimens should be visually inspected for surface irregulari-ties that could adversely affect adhesion.8.2 The above condition
20、ing step is pertinent only wheremedia evaluation or comparison is needed. Obviously, as aproduction tool, the conditioning period is not practical.Therefore, when media are coated in production, the specimensshould be obtained from each roll and checked as soon aspossible in a repeatable procedure a
21、ppropriate to the operation.It is imperative that operators use caution in selecting andpreparing specimens to maintain good uniformity.9. Adhesion Tests9.1 Tests should be carried out under temperature andhumidity conditions similar to those of end-use applications.9.2 Score/Tape Procedure:9.2.1 Pl
22、ace the print media on a flat surface, printed side up.9.2.2 Take a 75 by 25 mm (3 by 1 in.) piece of pressure-sensitive tape and firmly adhere 50 mm (2 in.) of it to thesurface of each of the colored patches and a non-printed area sothat the long dimension of the tape is parallel to the CD (crossdi
23、rection) of the sample. The tape is pressed down with the flatof a finger.9.2.3 While holding the specimen against a flat, horizontalsurface, grasp the loose end of the tape and pull the tape awaysharply from the sample at a 90 angle from the sample(altering the 90 angle may cause the results to be
24、invalid).9.2.4 Examine the coating surface and the tape for removalof coating or ink. Rate adhesion according to the scale 15,where “poor” is the lowest rating and “excellent” is the highestrating.Adhesion CharacteristicPercent AreaRemovedRateThe coating is completely smooth. No coatingtransfer to t
25、he tape.05Small flakes of the coating or prints are de-tached to the tape.10 4Medium flakes of the coating or prints aredetached to the tape.1035 3Large flakes of the coating are detached tothe tape.3565 2Flaking and detachment worse than Rate 2. 65 19.3 Cross Hatch ProcedureFilm and High Sized Pape
26、rSubstrate:9.3.1 Place a sample of the print media to be tested on a flatsurface, printed side up.9.3.2 Using a sharp razor blade, cut cross hatch lines 3 mm(0.125 in.) apart through the coating for each of the coloredpatches and a non-printed area, being careful not to cut throughthe base material.
27、9.3.3 Take a 75 by 25 mm (3 by 1 in.) piece of pressure-sensitive tape and firmly adhere 50 mm (2 in.) of it to the crosshatched surface to be tested so that the long dimension of thetape is parallel to the CD (cross direction) of the sample. Thetape is pressed down with the flat of a finger.9.3.4 W
28、hile holding the specimen against a flat, horizontalsurface, grasp the loose end of the tape and pull the tape awaysharply from the sample at a 90 angle (altering the 90 anglemay cause the results to be invalid).9.3.5 Examine the coating surface and the tape for removalof coating or ink. Rate adhesi
29、on according to the scale 15,where “poor” is the lowest rating and “excellent” is the highestrating.Adhesion CharacteristicPercent AreaRemovedRateThe edges of the cuts are completely smooth. 0 5None of the square of the lattice is detached.Small flakes of the coating or prints are de-tached at inter
30、section.10 4Small flakes of the coating are detachedalong edges and at intersections of cuts.1035 3Large flakes of the coating are detached. 3565 2Flaking and detachment worse than Rate 2. 65 19.4 Cross Hatch ProcedurePorous Paper Substrate:9.4.1 Place a sample of the print media to be tested on a f
31、latsurface, printed side up.9.4.2 Using a sharp razor blade, cut cross hatch lines 3 mm(0.125 in.) apart through each of the colored patches and anon-printed area, being careful not to cut through the basematerial.9.4.3 Take a 75 by 25 mm (3 by 1 in.) piece of pressure-sensitive tape and firmly adhe
32、re 50 mm (2 in.) of it to the crosshatched surface to be tested so that the long dimension of thetape is parallel to the CD (cross direction) of the sample. Thetape is pressed down with the flat of a finger.9.4.4 While holding the specimen against a flat, horizontalsurface, grasp the loose end of th
33、e tape and pull the tape awaysharply from the sample at a 90 angle (altering the 90 anglemay cause the results to be invalid).F24520429.4.5 Under some conditions, a quick stripping of the tapemay not cause separation or may otherwise yield misleadingresults.Aslow strip, at a rate of about 50-mm (2-i
34、n.) in3smaystart separation.9.4.6 Examine the coated surface and the tape for removalof coating or ink.9.4.7 Rate the adhesion according to the descriptions shownin Table 1, where 5 is excellent and 1 is poor.9.4.8 CalculationAdhesion ratings are defined as “poor”for the lowest rating and “excellent
35、” as the highest rating. Theaverage rating from five test specimens determines the finalrating applied to the coating structure being tested. Each ratingis assigned points as noted in Table 1 for adhesion and thepoints are averaged.9.4.8.1 ExampleFive specimens were tested from asample and three wer
36、e rated as excellent and two good. Sinceeach excellent rating is worth 5 points, then 3 3 5 = 15 points;each good rating is worth 3 points, so 2 3 3 = 6 points; for atotal of 21 points. Average rating = (Total points/Number ofspecimens) = (21/5) = 4.1. The average test result would thusbe reported a
37、s “good (4.1).”10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Specimen identification, including the printer,method of printing, and the media type,10.1.2 Relative humidity and temperature in the roomwhere printing is carried out, and time after printing,10.1.3 Each specimen rating,10.1.4 Av
38、erage test result, and10.1.5 Any unusual characteristics, that is, extremes orirregularities noted in test results. Include backing if requiredand the conditioning cycle if other than standard.11. Precision and Bias11.1 A statement of bias is not applicable in view of theunavailability of a standard
39、 reference for these properties.12. Keywords12.1 accelerate aging; adhesion; bond strength; coating;debonding; ink jet; media; printing; thicknessAPPENDIXX1. COMMENTARYX1.1 The Tape SelectionX1.1.1 Major limitations of the tape test are its low sensi-tivity and applicability to coatings of relativel
40、y low bondstrength. The test is determined as pass for the most outsidelayer through failure. Adhesion can still occur on the interfacebetween two other layers in multi coating or between the firstcoating and substrate.X1.1.2 The adhesion strength of pressure-sensitive tapes isdependent on lot numbe
41、r due to batch production process andaging during storage because bond strength of the tape maychange over time.X1.1.3 Small changes in back stiffness and adhesive rheol-ogy of the tape can cause significant changes in the tensionarea. Some commercial tapes are manufactured to meet mini-mum standard
42、s. However, adhesion strength of most commer-cially available tapes can vary up to 50 % from the valueclaimed by the manufacturer.X1.1.4 Different tapes can lead to different results. Thepressure-sensitive tapes adhesion varies depending on thecoating and the substrate. The data in Table X1.1 show p
43、eelstrength of four tapes: 3M 899, 3M 600, 3M 610, and Permacel99. Depending on paper substrate or coating layer, adhesion toall tapes could be nearly the same or vary significantly. It isrecommended to use 2 to 3 tapes for comprehensive evalua-tion.X1.2 ReproducibilityX1.2.1 The precision and repro
44、ducibility depend largelyupon the skill of the operator. The angle and rate of taperemoval and the visual assessment of the tested sample aredependent on the operators skills. It is important to performthe test in a consistent manner. It is very common that differentoperators might obtain different
45、results.TABLE 1 Adhesion RatingsAssigned ValueAdhesionCharacteristicRatingCoating cannot be separated by tape. Excellent 5Coating separates with 100 % fiber tear of aporous substrate (paper, cloth, and soforth).Very good 4Coating has considerable adhesion. Good 3Coating separates with more than 50 %
46、 fibertear of a porous substrate.Coating has slight adhesion. Fair 2Coating separates with less than 50 % fibertear of a porous substrate.Coating has no adhesion. Poor 1Coating separates with no evidence of fibertear of a porous substrate.F2452043ASTM International takes no position respecting the v
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49、uarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (ph
