1、Designation: F 2551 09Standard Practice forInstalling a Protective Cementitious Liner System inSanitary Sewer Manholes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2551; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONA sanitary sewer manhole may be repaired or rehabilitated by applying a prepackaged cementitiousliner to the i
3、nterior surface after it has been properly prepared and cleaned. Sanitary sewer manholescan be damaged by dynamic loading, abrasion, erosion, and corrosion.1. Scope1.1 This specification describes all the work required tostructurally reinforce, seal, and protect sanitary sewer man-holes. Application
4、s include applying a prepackaged cementi-tious liner that can function as a full depth restoration or apartial depth repair. A uniform high-strength, fiber-reinforcedcementitious mortar should be manually sprayed and handtroweled or centrifugally cast in a uniform, prescribed thick-ness to all clean
5、ed, interior surfaces from the bottom of theframe to the bench. The cementitious liner may be applied tomanholes constructed of brick, concrete, block, and variousother materials.1.2 A manufacturers approved applicator shall furnish thecomplete application of the protective, prepackaged cementi-tiou
6、s liner material. All of the cleaning, preparation, andapplication procedures shall be in accordance with the manu-facturers recommendations.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provi
7、ded for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bilit
8、y of regulatory limitations prior to use. Manholes arepermit required confined spaces in accordance with OSHAdefinition and should be treated as such, requiring confinedspace entry permits, appropriate monitoring equipment, andthe associated personal protective equipment.2. Referenced Documents2.1 A
9、STM Standards:2C 39/C 39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-lindrical Concrete SpecimensC 109/C 109M Test Method for Compressive Strength ofHydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm CubeSpecimens)C 309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC 494/C 494M
10、 Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC 969 Practice for Infiltration and Exfiltration AcceptanceTesting of Installed Precast Concrete Pipe Sewer LinesC 1140 Practice for Preparing and Testing Specimens fromShotcrete Test PanelsC 1244 Test Method for Concrete Sewer Manholes by theNegativ
11、e Air Pressure (Vacuum) Test Prior to BackfillC 1315 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds Having Special Properties for Curing and SealingConcreteF 2414 Practice for Sealing Sewer Manholes Using Chemi-cal Grouting2.2 ACI Standards:3ACI 301-05 Specifications for Structural ConcreteACI
12、 305R-99 Hot Weather ConcretingACI 306R-88 Cold Weather ConcretingACI 308R Practice for Curing ConcreteACI 506R Guide to Shotcrete1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F36 on Technologyand Underground Utilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F36.20on Inspection
13、 and Renewal of Water and Wastewater Infrastructure.Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the st
14、andards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.concrete.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.3 ICRI Techni
15、cal Guidelines:4Guideline No. 03732 Selecting and Specifying ConcreteSurface Preparation for Sealers, Coatings, and PolymerOverlaysGuideline No. 03737 Guide for the Preparation of ConcreteSurfaces for Repair Using Hydro-demolition Methods3. Ordering Information3.1 SubmittalsOrders for all prepackage
16、d materials listedunder this practice shall include the following:3.1.1 Product data, including manufacturer and brand name;3.1.2 Technical data stipulating physical characteristics ofapplied liner material; and3.1.3 Manufacturers Safety Data Sheets.3.2 Delivery, Storage, and Handling:3.2.1 The prep
17、ackaged cementitious materials should bestored according to the manufacturers recommendations. Nomodification should be made to the manufacturers recommen-dations for handling and delivery of these products.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 All prepackaged materials shall be designed, manufac-tured, a
18、nd intended for sewer manhole rehabilitation and thespecific application in which they are used. Each material shallbe designed for application over damp surfaces without deg-radation of the final product or the bond between the productand the manhole surface.4.2 Materials for Substrate RepairsAll v
19、oids and irregu-larities of the substrate should be filled or repaired withstructurally sound materials before applying the cementitiousliner material.4.2.1 Cementitious Repair MaterialsHand mix and applyfor filling voids and reforming benches and resurfacing thebrick, concrete walls, and bench surf
20、aces of the sewer man-hole. Mix the cement repair material and apply according to themanufacturers instructions. The cementitious liner materialcan be used as the repair material.4.3 Infiltration Water Control MaterialsSpecifically for-mulated for stopping water leaks and minor infiltration.4.3.1 Ce
21、mentitious Water Control MaterialsUsed to stopflowing water leaks in concrete and masonry structures. Thismaterial may be applied in dry form directly to the leak area ormixed with potable water to a soft putty consistency for largeractive leaks. This material is held in place until it sets and thel
22、eak stops. Mix and use according to the manufacturersinstructions.4.3.2 No modification should be made to the productsrecommendations for handling, mixing, placing, and finishingwithout the manufacturers prior written approval.4.4 Chemical Grout MaterialTo stop water leaks andinfiltration with chemi
23、cal grout, refer to Practice F 2414.4.5 Lining MaterialPrepackaged cementitious lining ma-terials are specifically designed to repair or rehabilitate sewermanhole.4.6 Other MaterialsNo other material shall be used withor added to the prepackaged cementitious liner materialswithout prior written appr
24、oval from the manufacturer.5. Surface Preparation, Cleaning, and Repair5.1 The applicator is responsible to ensure that the manholeis properly cleaned and prepared.5.2 Place wooden or plastic covers or other protectivedevices over the sewer manhole invert while cleaning themanhole wall and bench sec
25、tions before applying the prepack-aged cementitious liner. Wire mesh and fabric filters allowingwater to pass are also acceptable.5.3 Remove all foreign materials from the manhole wall andbench sections. Remove all loose and protruding bricks,mortar, and concrete. Remove metal, plastic, or brick sta
26、irs, ifrequired, before applying the new liner. Fill any large voidswith fast setting cementitious repair material.5.4 Surface Cleaning Procedures:5.4.1 High Pressure CleaningProperly cleaning the sur-face of the structure is critical to the success of this rehabili-tation method. Use a high-pressur
27、e washer delivering a mini-mum of 3500 psi (2413 MPa). A minimum of two and a halfgallons per minute (9.46 litres per minute) should be deliveredthrough the spray tip. The spray tip should be kept between 6and 12 in. (15.24 and 30.48 cm) from the surface and be heldat an angle between 45 and 90 to t
28、he surface being cleaned.The spray tip should be directed across the surface at a speedof no more than one foot per second (0.3 metres per second).If the surface is especially dirty or greasy, cleaning agents maybe added to the pressure washer water or the water may beheated. When hot water is requi
29、red, it should be heated to210F (99C). Care should be taken to clean the frame sealingsurface where the lid fits into the frame, removing any debrisor other materials that negatively impact the lids ability to sealagainst the frame. Cleaning should begin with the framesurface and progress down to an
30、d include the bench. A rotatingspray nozzle may be used for cleaning, if it meets pressure andflow requirements. Care should be taken to avoid furtherstructural damage to the existing surface.5.4.2 In some situations, when removing existing coatingsor linings, pneumatic hammers, hydro-demolition, or
31、 sandblasting may be required. Refer to Guideline No. 03732 orGuideline No. 03737.5.4.3 Some substrates may require more surface preparationincluding acid washing. If acid washing is performed, the acidcleaned surface should be neutralized.5.4.4 Remove any loose material after all preparations andcl
32、eaning has been completed. Do not allow soil, sand, debris,or runoff to enter the sewer system. Properly dispose of anydeleterious materials removed from the manhole according tolocal, state, and federal guidelines.5.5 Surface Repair:5.5.1 Repair the Invert and Bench SectionsRepair anyinvert and ben
33、ch section that exhibits visible damage, degra-dation, or water infiltration. Remove obstructions and loosematerials from benches prior to shaping inverts. Form smooth,u-shaped channels across the floor of the manhole. Use ahigh-strength, fast-setting cementitious repair material. Controlor divert t
34、he flow to allow sufficient setting time for the4Available from the International Concrete Repair Institute, Inc. (ICRI), 3166 S.River Road, Ste 132, Des Plaines, IL 60018, http:/www.icri.org.F2551092material used. Make finished benches and inverts smoothwithout defects. Allow no accumulation of deb
35、ris.6. Mixing of Prepackaged Cementitious Repair Materials6.1 The applicator shall bear complete responsibility formixing of the materials, applying, and finishing of the sewermanhole repair system.6.1.1 The prepackaged cementitious liner material shouldbe mixed with water in accordance with the man
36、ufacturersrecommendations. Tempering of the material above the manu-facturers published limits should not be allowed.6.1.2 Use clean and potable water for mixing.6.1.3 No modifications or changes should be made to theproduct without prior written approval of the manufacturer.6.1.4 During hot weather
37、, the cementitious liner materialshould be mixed at temperatures below 90F (32.2C) in orderto avoid rapid loss of workability, to decrease water evapora-tion, and to prevent premature set time. Retarding admixturesType A, B, or D that meet Specification C 494/C 494M may beused to allow work in hotte
38、r weather. However, applicatorsshould obtain manufacturers permission or use products rec-ommended by manufacturer. Apply admixtures in accordancewith ACI 305R-99 recommendations for hot weather condi-tions.6.1.5 If work is to be performed near 40F (4.4C), preheatthe water and keep prepackaged mater
39、ial warm. The mixshould be kept near 70F (21.1C). Apply in accordance withACI 306R-88 recommendations for cold weather concreting.Some liner materials are capable of setting in cold weather;consult with manufacturer for suitability.7. ExecutionApplication of the Cement Liner7.1 Spray ApplicationManu
40、al Surface Sealing:7.1.1 Dampen the manhole wall surface. Surface must bedamp without noticeable free water droplets or running water(surface, saturated, dry). Spray or apply the cementitious linermaterial to a uniform thickness as specified. Use a hand trowelto hand work and compact the manhole cem
41、entitious linermaterial into all the voids and crevices but do not over trowel.Allow the cementitious liner material to set as recommendedby the manufacturer.7.1.2 Spray the cementitious liner material to a nominalthickness of12 in. (1.25 cm) in one or more passes. Thethickness of the cementitious l
42、ining material applied to thesurface depends on a wide array of variables. These variablesinclude overall condition of the manhole, depth, constructionmaterials, location, dynamic traffic load, source and state ofcorrosion, diameter, hydrostatic pressure, soil type, and anyother factors that might i
43、mpact the design of the cementitiousliner. The design engineer should determine appropriate linerthickness and liner material properties and may be prepared toinclude the addition of protective coatings or other methodsused to limit or eliminate corrosion factors. Use a wet gauge tomeasure applied c
44、ementitious liner material thickness at threesections of the manhole: the cone/corbel section, middle ofbarrel, and the barrel near the invert. The liner shall be evenand uniform with a troweled, brushed, or natural finish.7.1.3 Not all manufacturers recommend the use of a protec-tive coating over t
45、he cementitious liner material. If the liner isto receive a top coating, then an anchor tooth finish isrecommended and shall be free of curing or similar com-pounds. For dry gunite applications, finish in accordance withACI 506R, using the recommended trowel.7.1.4 Apply the prepackaged cementitious
46、liner materialfrom the top of the manhole down to the bench. Overlay thebench with a gradual slope from the wall to the edge of thechannel. The wall and bench intersection should have arounded and uniform radius. The thickness of the bench shallbe no less than12 in. (1.25 cm) at the edge of the chan
47、nel andshall increase in the direction of the wall so as to provide therequired slope.7.2 Spray ApplicationCentrifugal Process:7.2.1 Position the high-speed, bi-directional, rotating appli-cator within the center of the manhole at the lowest pointdesired for the new wall and commence pumping the mix
48、edprepackaged cementitious liner material. Man-entry may berequired to assure the lining has been effectively applied, as onthe underside of any brickwork or around laterals. As thecementitious liner material begins to be centrifugally castevenly around the interior, retrieve the applicator head at
49、theprescribed speed for applying the thickness that has beenselected. Controlled multiple passes in both clockwise andcounterclockwise directions are made until the desired thick-ness is attained.7.2.2 If the procedure is interrupted for any reason, simplyarrest the retrieval of the applicator head until flows arerecommenced. Verify the desired thickness with a wet gage.The liners shall be even and uniform with a brushed or naturalfinish. If the liner is to receive a top coating refer to 7.1.3.Benches and channels are finished by hand as in 7.1.4.8.
