1、Designation: F2575 06F2575 14Standard Guide forQuality Assurance in Translation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2575; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide identifies factors relevant to the quality of language translation services for each phase of a translation project.The guide is intended f
3、or use by all stakeholders, with varying levels of knowledge in the field of translation.1.2 This guide is designed to provide a framework for agreement on specifications for translation projects. Within thisframework, the participants in a service agreement can define the processes necessary to arr
4、ive at a product of desired quality toserve the needs and expectations of the end user.1.3 This guide does not provide specific metrics.1.4 This guide also includes a list of specification parameters that shall be considered before work begins.1.5 Translation can be viewed in a number of contexts.1.
5、5.1 One is that of globalization, internationalization, localization, and translation (GILT), which takes products or servicescreated for one audience and makes them suitable to various foreign language audiences, whether in the home country or aroundthe globe. In the case of products or services th
6、at are accompanied by or contain textual material, this process must be sensitiveto cultural aspects of the geographic region and language of specific markets, sometimes referred to as locales.1.5.2 Translation can also be viewed in the context of various government practices, including communicatin
7、g an identical,uniform message to many locales at the same time, that is, not altering the message even slightly for individual locales, and, ininformation gathering, retaining the original flavor of the source text, purposely avoiding localization.1.5.3 Finally, translation can be viewed in a more
8、general context. Although much translation is done in a GILT context or forgovernment purposes (for example, diplomacy, law enforcement, health and human services, security, and so forth), there are manyother types of translation performed for the understanding of materials (for example, journals, l
9、etters, news broadcasts, andcommunications) that have been written in another language. Some types of translation may not include localization.1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guidecannot replace education or experi
10、ence and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guidecan be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service shall be judged, nor should this g
11、uide be applied without consideration of a projectsunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this guide means only that the guide has been approved through the ASTMInternational consensus process.1.7 This guide does not address interpreting (also called interpretation), which involves spok
12、en language as opposed to writtenlanguage (see Guide F2089).2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2089 Guide for Language Interpretation Services2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 1087-1 TerminologyVocabularyPart 1: Theory and ApplicationISO 1087-2 TerminologyVocabularyPart 2: Computer Applications1 This
13、guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F43 on Language Services and Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F43.03 on LanguageTranslation.Current edition approved May 1, 2006Aug. 1, 2014. Published June 2006September 2014. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous editi
14、on approved in 2006 asF2575 06. DOI: 10.1520/F2575-06.10.1520/F2575-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the AST
15、M website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit ma
16、y not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
17、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1ISO 9000 2005 Quality Management SystemsFundamentals and Vocabulary2.3 DIN Standard:4DIN 2345 Translation Contracts3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 adaptation, nlocalization procedure through which the translator replaces a cu
18、lture-specific aspect of a product, service,or document, such as a software utility, color, icon, or other cultural artifact from the source culture with an equivalent appropriateto the target culture to accommodate the expectations of the target audience.3.1.1.1 DiscussionIn some cases, the transla
19、tor may have to create or supply an equivalent when the source text refers to something that does notapply to the target culture, for example, replacing a graphic image of a Caucasian using a product with an image of anAsian usingthe product or replacing an English thesaurus with a French thesaurus.
20、 Note that the term adaptation is sometimes used to referto the adaptation of a translation to fit a particular medium when the original cannot be changed or recreated to accommodate acomplete and faithful translation (for example, adapting the translation of a video script to suit a video originall
21、y shot in anotherlanguage). Also, the term adaptation is sometimes used in the sense of internationalization in which a source text is adapted tofacilitate translation.3.1.2 aligned text, nsource text that has been segmented and for which the segments have been paired with their individualtranslatio
22、ns.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe synonym is bitext when only two languages are involved, not parallel text or comparable text.3.1.3 back translation, nretranslation of a translated text back into its source language.3.1.3.1 DiscussionA back translation will not result in a text that is identical to the sour
23、ce text, and furthermore, a back translation is not necessarilya good indicator of the quality of the translation.3.1.4 computer-assisted translation, (CAT), ntranslation in which a variety of computer programs (tools) are used to supportthe task of human translation.3.1.4.1 DiscussionCAT tools incl
24、ude terminology extraction and management, text alignment, translation memory, term lookup showing context ofuse, indexing and frequency counts, and various specialized editing tools designed to protect code and facilitate translation ofresource text.3.1.5 contraction, nnatural decrease in the amoun
25、t of text used in the target language to express the same semantic content(meaning) as compared to the corresponding segment in the source text. See expansion.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe translation for the same concept expressed in different languages may require a different number of words, such as clas
26、e denatacin (three words, Spanish) versus swimming class (two words, English) versus simlektion (one word, Swedish).3.1.6 controlled language, nsubset of a language with restricted grammar, domain-specific vocabulary, and constrained styledesigned to allow domain specialists to formulate unambiguous
27、 texts pertaining to their subject field.3.1.6.1 DiscussionControlled language facilitates clear, concise, technical communication by for instance, adhering to a one term-one meaningprinciple. It can be accurately and efficiently analyzed by a computer, but is expressive enough to allow natural usag
28、e.Advantages4 Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH (DIN- DIN Deutsches Institut fur Normung e.V.), Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787, Berlin, Germany.F2575 142can include consistency in style and reading level, reduced training times, increased readability for non-native speakers, as wellas improved machine tr
29、anslation effectiveness and translatability for human translators.3.1.7 editor, nbilingual member of the translation team who compares a completed translation to the source text for thepurpose of validating the accuracy of the final target text, and gives detailed feedback.3.1.7.1 DiscussionIn many
30、cases, the editor can also be asked to make changes when necessary to improve the naturalness of the language oraccommodate the specified register of the translated text. The editing function is sometimes confused with proofreading, which isessentially a monolingual activity. Furthermore, there are
31、several terms other than editor (for example, reviser, reviewer, and soforth) used to designate persons who perform various aspects of the editing activity.3.1.8 end user, nperson who ultimately avails himself or herself of the translation, as opposed to various intermediatetranslation service provi
32、ders who pass it on to the next client in a chain of suppliers (synonymconsumer; see also requester).3.1.9 expansion, nnatural increase in the amount of text used in the target language to express the same semantic content(meaning) as compared to the corresponding segment in the source text. See con
33、traction.3.1.10 gisting, ntranslation of a text for the purpose of providing the user with a general idea of the sense of the original, butwithout emphasis on details or stylistic elegance.3.1.10.1 DiscussionGisting may sometimes be synonymous with abstracting or summarizing, although gisting often
34、reads less smoothly. Humantranslators can be requested to indicate the gist of a text, or an unedited machine translation can sometimes be produced for thispurpose. This type of translation is sometimes called an indicative translation.3.1.11 globalization (G11N), nthe business processes and allocat
35、ion of resources necessary for taking a product to variousmarkets around the globe.3.1.11.1 DiscussionGlobalization includes making decisions regarding internationalization, localization, sales processes, and so forth. Theabbreviation consists of the first and last letters of the term, with the numb
36、er 11 inserted between them, signifying the eleven lettersbetween the G and the N.3.1.12 glossary, nterminological list of designations from a subject field, frequently with equivalents in one or more languages(from ISO 1087).3.1.13 internationalization (I18N), nprocess of generalizing a product so
37、that it can handle multiple languages and culturalconventions (such as non-Roman scripts, varying date/time/currency formats, and so forth) without the need for substantialmodification.3.1.13.1 DiscussionInternationalization facilitates localization by building in flexibility. Internationalization c
38、an also be performed on a document, asopposed to a product, to facilitate translation. The abbreviation consists of the first and last letters of the term, with the number18 inserted between them, signifying the 18 letters between the I and the N.3.1.14 leveraging, nreuse of resources (for example,
39、terminology, segment of translated text, or formatting templates) frompreviously translated text.3.1.15 linguist, n(1) a student or practitioner of linguistics, that is, of the science of language; (2) person proficient in morethan one language.3.1.16 locale, nin common practice, the language and th
40、e geographic region (for example, Spanish in Colombia versusSpanish in Spain) of a given target audience for a translation.3.1.16.1 DiscussionLocale can also relate to other items of information such as time and date formats, legally binding format restrictions, internationaltelephone codes, and so
41、forth.F2575 1433.1.17 localization, (L10N), ncross-cultural communication process of preparing locale-specific versions of a product orservice, consisting of translation of textual material into the language and textual conventions of the target locale, and adaptationof nontextual materials as well
42、as input, output, and delivery mechanisms to meet the cultural, technical, and regulatoryrequirements of that locale.3.1.17.1 DiscussionLocalization encompasses not only the translation and adaptation of computer software, but also the preparation of many types ofproducts and services for particular
43、 locales. The abbreviation consists of the first and last letters of the term, with the number 10inserted between them, signifying the ten letters between the L and N.3.1.18 machine translation (MT), nmode of translation in which a computer program analyzes a source text and produces atarget text, t
44、ypically without human intervention at the actual time of translation.3.1.18.1 DiscussionExcept in the case of gisting, machine translation (also called automated translation) generally requires human participation beforethe computer processes the source text (called pre-editing) or after the transl
45、ation is produced by the machine (called post-editing),or both. In machine translation, the translator supports the automatic translation process by adapting the source text toaccommodate the machine or by post-editing the target text to accommodate the human reader. In computer-assisted translation
46、(CAT), the machine supports the translator.3.1.19 markup, nany text, tag, or code that is added to the data of a document to convey information about it (from ISO 1087).MetrorailThe regions rapid transit system stops adjacent to Terminals B and C.Metrorail fare cards may be purchased from machines a
47、t either of twoFarecard plazas located on Level 2 near pedestrian bridges that lead into andout of Terminals B and C. A third Farecard plaza for disabled and otherpassengers using elevators, is under the Metro platform, midway between thenorth and south mezzanines.Click here for a map of the Washing
48、ton DC area Metro.Normally Hidden Text Markup (Example of HTML Code from a PublicWebsite in which the Markup Text Provides Formatting Instructions ThatAre Not Seen by the Viewer of the Corresponding Website)3.1.20 metric, nprocedure providing a means of measuring the quality of a product or service
49、that results in a compositenumeric value.3.1.21 parallel text, ntarget language text that is comparable to the source text in terms of subject matter or text type (fromDIN 2345, 3.2.3).3.1.21.1 DiscussionThis is also known as comparable text.3.1.22 post-editor, ntranslator who reviews a completed machine translation to validate the accuracy of the final target textwith reference to the source text in order to ensure a defined degree of stylistic acceptability, and makes changes where necessary.3.1.22.1 DiscussionDifferent criteria f
