1、Designation: F 2668 07Standard Practice forDetermining the Physiological Responses of the Wearer toProtective Clothing Ensembles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2668; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONProtective clothing ensembles such as firefighter turnout gear, HAZMAT suits, and bomb suits mayimp
3、ose a physiological strain on the wearer. This strain can take the form of heat stress andcardiovascular and respiratory strain, which can result in injury to the wearer. This practice providesinformation on the measurement of the physiological responses of a wearer to a protective clothingensemble.
4、 The protocol is designed to allow comparisons of the physiological responses of subjectswearing different protective clothing ensembles of the same type (for example, firefighter turnout gear)and from different types (for example, firefighter ensemble vs. HAZMAT suit).1. Scope1.1 This practice spec
5、ifies the test equipment and proce-dures for determining the physiological responses of subjectswearing a protective clothing ensemble.1.2 This practice covers the physiological measurement ofinternal body core temperature, skin temperature, exposuretime, heart rate response, oxygen consumption, and
6、 wholebody sweat rate, to assess the physiological responses ofsubjects wearing a protective clothing ensemble. This practicedoes not measure the musculoskeletal strain on the participantimposed by the protective clothing ensemble.1.2.1 To increase safety during physiological testing, thisdynamic te
7、st requires the use of human participants who meetspecific health and physical fitness requirements.1.3 The present standard does not attempt to determineimportant clothing characteristics, such as thermal insulationand evaporative resistance of the protective clothing ensemble.Test Methods F 1291 a
8、nd F 2370 can be used for these clothingmeasurements.1.4 The values stated in this practice shall be SI units.1.5 It is the responsibility of the test laboratory to obtain thenecessary and appropriate approval(s) required by their insti-tution for conducting tests using human participants.1.6 This s
9、tandard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user, and the testing institution, to consultand establish appropriate safety and health practices anddetermine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior touse of th
10、is standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulationof Clothing Using a Heated ManikinF 1494 Terminology Relating to Protective ClothingF 2300 Test Method for Measuring the Performance ofPersonal Cooling Systems Using Physiological TestingF 2
11、370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resis-tance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin2.2 Other Standards:3ISO 8996 ErgonomicsDetermination of Metabolic HeatProductionISO 9886 ErgonomicsEvaluation of Thermal Strain byPhysiological Measurements1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM
12、Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.60 on Human Factors.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2007. Published November 2007.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
13、 serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
14、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.The Commission for Thermal Physiology of the Interna-tional Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS ThermalCommission)Glossary of Terms for Thermal Physiol-ogy43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acclimation, nphysiological a
15、daptations occurringwithin an organism, which reduce the strain or enhanceendurance of strain, caused by artificially or experimentallyinduced stressful changes in particular environmental condi-tions.3.1.1.1 DiscussionAcclimation describes the adaptivechanges that occur within an organism in respon
16、se to artifi-cially induced changes in particular climatic factors such asambient temperature and humidity in a controlled environment.3.1.2 acclimatization, nphysiological adaptations occur-ring within an organism, which reduce the strain or enhanceendurance of strain, caused by stressful changes i
17、n the naturalenvironment.3.1.3 clothing ensemble, na group of garments worntogether on the body at the same time.3.1.4 thermal core, nthe deep tissues of the brain, neckand torso, whose temperatures are not changed in their rela-tionship to each other by circulatory adjustments.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe
18、se deep tissues comprise the mostthermally protected tissues of the body and are most critical totemperature regulation. The thermal core is distinct fromchanges in heat transfer to the environment that affects theappendages and other tissues of the body.3.1.5 core temperature, nthe mean temperature
19、 of thethermal core.3.1.5.1 DiscussionCore temperature is commonly repre-sented by rectal temperature, or by the more rapidly respondingesophageal temperature. Core temperature is also measured byingested telemetric thermometers in the form of a capsule.3.1.6 garment, na single item of clothing (for
20、 example,shirt).3.1.7 maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), nthe high-est rate at which an organism can take up oxygen duringaerobic metabolism.3.1.7.1 DiscussionDetermination of VO2maxrequires veryhigh motivation of the individual and is expressed in millilitresper minute or as a term relative to bo
21、dy mass in millilitres perkilogram per minute. Maximum oxygen consumption is oftenreferred to as maximal aerobic power (MAP).3.1.8 metabolic rate, nthe rate of transformation ofchemical energy into heat and mechanical work by aerobic andanaerobic activities within an organism.3.1.8.1 DiscussionMetab
22、olic rate, as with VO2max,iscommonly measured by indirect calorimetry, during long-termsteady-state work. Metabolic rate, also referred to as energyexpenditure, is usually expressed in terms of unit area of thetotal body surface (W/m2) or of total body mass (W/kg).3.1.9 protective ensemble, nthe com
23、bination of protectiveclothing with respiratory protective equipment, hoods, helmets,gloves, boots, communication systems, cooling devices, andother accessories intended to protect the wearer from apotential hazard when worn together.3.1.10 thermal strain, nany deviation of body tempera-ture induced
24、 by sustained thermal stress that cannot be fullycompensated by temperature regulation.3.1.10.1 DiscussionThermal strain results in the activa-tion of thermoeffector activities that causes sustained changesin the state of non-thermal regulatory systems. Thermal strainis measurable by an increased he
25、art rate and whole body sweatrate, as determined by pre and post nude mass loss.3.1.11 thermal stress, nany thermal change between atemperature regulator and its environment, which if uncom-pensated by temperature regulation, would result in hyperther-mia.3.1.11.1 DiscussionThermal stress is often r
26、eferred to asheat stress.3.2 IUPS Thermal Commission document4was referencedfor the modified definitions related to thermal physiology listedabove. For terms related to protective clothing used in thispractice, refer to Terminology F 1494.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice can be used for the
27、evaluation of thephysiological response of a user to protective clothing en-sembles worn under controlled conditions.4.1.1 This practice utilizes a treadmill for the exerciseprotocol. This method is believed to be appropriate for theevaluation of the majority of protective clothing ensembles,especia
28、lly where the user will be walking or performing similaractivities. In certain situations, where a protective clothingensemble is designed to be worn where the user is performingspecialized functions (for example, sitting or standing withonly arm movement), alternate exercise equipment (for ex-ample
29、, arm cycle-ergonometer) or exercise protocols should beconsidered for use in determining the physiological response ofthe subject.4.1.2 Where evaluations include the use of Personal Cool-ing Systems refer to Test Method F 2300.4.2 This practice establishes general procedures for thephysiological ev
30、aluation based on the physiological measure-ment of core temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate,exposure time, oxygen consumption, and whole body sweatrate.4.2.1 The data obtained can be used to evaluate the overallphysiological response of the test participant while wearing aprotective clot
31、hing ensemble.4.2.2 The data may also be used in the research anddevelopment of advanced ensembles that are designed toreduce the physiological strain on the wearer thereby reducingthe potential injury (for example, heat injury) associated withwearing the protective clothing ensemble. Workers may be
32、 ableto wear a protective clothing ensemble for a longer durationdue to a reduction in the physiological strain.4.2.3 The data can also be used to compare similar classesof ensembles and can be used to evaluate protective clothingensembles as a hazard to the wearer as compared to a baselineensemble.
33、4The Japanese Journal of Physiology, Vol. 51, No. 2, 2001.F26680724.2.4 In addition, the practice could also be used by con-sensus standards organizations in the development of physi-ological test criteria for protective clothing ensemble certifica-tion.4.3 Departures from the instructions in this p
34、ractice maylead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledgeconcerning thermoregulatory responses, physiological and en-vironmental temperature measurement, and testing practices isneeded to evaluate which departures from the instructionsgiven in this practice are significant. All de
35、partures must bereported with the results.5. Materials5.1 Controlled Environmental ChamberA chamber that islarge enough to accommodate a treadmill, the test participant,and at least two people at the same time.Also, the test chambermust provide uniform conditions, both spatially and tempo-rally.5.1.
36、1 Spatial VariationsSpatial variations shall not exceedthe following: air temperature 61.0C, relative humidity65 %, and air velocity 650 % of the mean value. In addition,the mean radiant temperature shall not be more than 1.0Cdifferent from the mean air temperature. The spatial uniformityshall be ve
37、rified at least annually or after any significantmodifications are made to the test chamber. Spatial uniformityshall be verified by recording values for the conditions statedabove at heights of 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, and 1.8 m above the floor atthe location occupied by the participant.5.1.2 Temporal Variati
38、onsTemporal variations shall notexceed the following: air temperature 60.5C, relative humid-ity 65 %, air velocity 620 % of the mean value for dataaveraged over five minutes.5.1.3 Relative Humidity MeasurementA humidity-sensingdevice shall be used and have an accuracy of 65 % relativehumidity and a
39、repeatability of 63 % to be acceptable (forexample, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). At leastone location shall be monitored during a test to ensure that thetemporal uniformity requirements are met.5.1.4 Air Temperature SensorsShielded air temperaturesensors shall be used. The sensor shall
40、have an overall accuracyof 60.15C (for example, RTD, thermocouple, sensor). Thesensor shall have a time constant not exceeding one minute.The sensor(s) shall be 0.5 to 1.0 m in front of the participant.If a single sensor is used it shall be 1.0 m above the floor. Ifmultiple sensors are used, they sh
41、all be spaced at equal heightintervals and their readings averaged.5.1.5 Air Velocity IndicatorAn omni-directional anemom-eter with 60.05 m/s accuracy shall be used. Measurementsshall be averaged for at least one minute at each location. If itis demonstrated that velocity does not vary temporally by
42、 morethan 60.05 m/s, then it is not necessary to monitor air velocityduring the test. However, the value of the mean air velocitymust be reported. If air velocity is monitored, then measure-ment location requirements are the same as for air temperature.5.2 TreadmillA treadmill shall be used with a p
43、hysicalstructure that accommodates the smallest and the largestparticipant safely and comfortably.5.2.1 Treadmill CharacteristicsThe treadmill running sur-face shall be not less than 1.8 m by 0.6 m. The treadmill shallhave a calibrated analog scale or digital indicator of speed andangle of inclinati
44、on (degrees or % grade). Elevation shall bevariable over a range of at least 0 to 20 % grade. The speedshall be variable from 2 to 20 km/h in increments of 0.2 km/h.The speed and incline of the treadmill shall be calibrated priorto each series of tests or study.5The control mechanism mustprovide for
45、 error of less than 1.0 % of the testing load bothduring the test and between tests (that is, 0.15 % grade at 15 %treadmill grade).5.3 Equipment for Measuring Body TemperatureThe coreand skin temperatures shall be measured with temperaturetransducers (that is, point sensors) which shall be calibrate
46、dprior to use.5.3.1 Temperature SensorsThe temperature measure-ments shall be carried out with thermocouples, resistancetemperature devices (RTD), or thermistors. The sensors shallprovide an accuracy of 60.1C between the range of 30 to42C for core temperature and 25 to 40C for skin temperature.Their
47、 response time to 90 % of the value must be the lowestpossible and less than 10 s. Skin temperature measurementsshall be taken at 4, 8, or 14 different locations. Refer toISO 9886 for the location of the various measurement sites,and the weighting coefficients to determine overall skin tem-perature.
48、5.3.2 Core Temperature Sensor CleaningSpecial require-ments are to be made concerning the hygiene of the coretemperature sensor. Laboratories must follow specific biohaz-ard control procedures as stipulated by their institution for theuse and disposal of sensors.5.3.2.1 Core Temperature SensorsReusa
49、ble and dispos-able sensors are available for measurement of core tempera-ture. Disposable sensors are strongly recommended but notrequired for core temperature measurements. If reusable sen-sors are used, the sensors shall be cleaned and disinfectedbetween trials for the same participant and then discarded oncethe participant has completed all test conditions. Sensors shallonly be used by one individual and shall be cleaned anddisinfected in accordance with the manufacturers instructionsbetween trials. Refer to ISO 9886 for additional informati
