1、Designation: F2823 15Standard Guide forIn-Situ Burning of Oil Spills in Marshes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2823; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide addresses in-situ burning as a response toolfor oil spills that occur in marshes.1.2 In-situ burning, mechanical recovery, treating agentap
3、plication, and natural recovery are the usual options avail-able to an on-scene coordinator for the control and cleanup ofspilled oil.1.3 The purpose of this guide is to provide the user withgeneral information on in-situ burning in marshes as a meansof controlling and removing spilled oil.1.4 This
4、guide outlines considerations that can be used toconduct an in-situ burn in marshes.1.5 In making in-situ burn decisions, appropriate govern-ment authorities should be consulted.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandar
5、d.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced
6、 Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1788 Guide for In-Situ Burning of Oil Spills on Water:Environmental and Operational ConsiderationsF1990/F1990M Guide for In-Situ Burning of Spilled Oil:Ignition Devices3. Terminology3.1 airborne emissionscompounds or substances that areemitted into the air as a result
7、of a fire.3.2 fresh oiloil recently spilled that is un-weathered andun-emulsified.3.3 in-situ burningburning of oil directly on the water ormarsh surface.3.4 marsha wetland characterized by grassy surface matsthat are frequently interspersed with open water or by a closedcanopy of grasses, sedges, o
8、r other herbaceous plants.3.5 residuethe material, excluding airborne emissions,remaining after the oil stops burning.3.6 wetlandland that has the water table at, near, or abovethe land surface, or that is saturated for long enough periods topromote hydrophilic vegetation and various kinds of biolog
9、icalactivity which are adapted to the wet environment.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is meant to aid spill response teams duringplanning, training, exercising, spill response, and remediation.4.2 In the marsh environment, removal of the oil by in-situburning may be the only method available t
10、o responders. Thesoft, soggy soil and presence of water and the potential forecological damage may inhibit the deployment of conventionaloil recovery equipment and personnel, while the shallow watermay not allow the deployment and operation of skimmers,booms, and storage devices.5. Background5.1 In-
11、situ burning of oil has been conducted successfully ina number of marshes. Within several years, recovery wasnearly complete in areas where water level was sufficient(exceeded 2 cm) to provide protection to plant roots. Wherethis was not the case, recovery was slower.5.2 Ignition equipment for in-si
12、tu burning in marshes maybe minimal. Ignition devices may be the only specific equip-ment required. Ignition equipment may include a variety ofdevices (Guide F1990/F1990M).6. General Considerations for Making In Situ BurnDecisions for Marshes6.1 The decision of whether or not to use in-situ burning
13、ina given spill situation is always one involving trade-offs.General considerations such as smoke plume generated and thepotential for secondary fires, and specific factors such as marsh1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is t
14、he direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.15 on In-Situ Burning.Current edition approved March 1, 2015. Published April 2015. Originallyapproved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F282310. DOI10.1520/F282315.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orco
15、ntact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1type, water level, se
16、ason, wildlife present, and vegetationrecovery should be considered. The human population, poten-tially affected by the smoke plume, should be considered asnoted in Guide F1788. In certain cases, burning of oiledvegetation can also be considered.6.2 Oil floating on water should be at least 2 to 3 mm
17、 thickto be burned efficiently. Natural containment of spilled oil canoccur in marshes, providing such layer thickness. Wind mayalso concentrate the oil to the desired thickness (Guide F1788).6.3 Oil spilled in marshes is less prone to emulsificationthan in higher energy, open water environments. Th
18、e sloweremulsification process provides responders with a wider win-dow of opportunity in which to plan and execute in-situburning operations.6.4 In some areas, intentional and controlled burning ofmarshes is a common method of controlling vegetation andreducing organic debris, with beneficial resul
19、ts for the marshes(1).36.5 Water level has been shown to be a major factoraffecting plant recovery following in-situ burning in marshes(2, 3, 4). When the water depth is at least 2 cm, it provides aninsulating layer to plant root and rhizomes, keeping theirtemperature below 60C and allowing faster r
20、ecovery.6.6 Fire spreading needs to be considered. Flattened vegeta-tion and green, un-oiled vegetation may not provide adequatefirebreaks, especially in the presence of strong winds. Wettingthe perimeter may be beneficial.6.7 In-situ burning in a timely manner will simplifyignition, reduce the area
21、 affected, and minimize the duration ofvegetation exposure to the toxic effects of the oil.6.8 Burning in the winter months may require specialconsiderations because of ice and snow. Cold results inincreased oil viscosity and reduced spreading potential. Severalburns in ice and snow-covered marshes
22、also proved to beeffective and provided for good long-term recovery of themarshes.6.9 In-situ burning of oil may generate a substantial smokeplume. If human exposure is possible, smoke plume monitor-ing near population centers should be considered as noted inGuide F1788.6.10 Utility lines, buildings
23、, and other structures need to beprotected from fire.6.11 Smoke may impair visibility and impact air traffic inthe burn area.6.12 The spilled oil will not be consumed completely by thefire. Residue will be left after the burning has ended. Theeffects of the residue should be considered. A thick and
24、denselayer of residue will impede revegetation. The effect of theresidue should be weighed against impacts of removing theresidue, and particularly the effects of movement over themarsh by people and equipment used to remove the residue.6.13 The presence of endangered or threatened species mustbe co
25、nsidered before making the decision to burn.7. Operational Considerations7.1 Appropriate regulatory agencies and fire departmentsshould be consulted prior to conducting a burn.7.2 A burn plan should be developed with the help of amarsh and fire ecologist. Air, burn, and plume models shouldbe run to
26、predict the effect of the burn on the area. The burnplan and a fire safety plan should include: weather, firecalculations, plume modeling, and air and fire modelingprotocols, sensitive ecological areas, marsh conditions, sea-sonal implications, and oil properties. The area should besurveyed for util
27、ity lines, pipelines, buildings, and otherman-made structures. The risk posed by the burn to thesestructures should be assessed.7.3 When a marsh is impacted by an oil spill, all methods ofresponse and cleanup should be considered and assessed fortradeoffs, feasibility, and net benefit to the environ
28、ment.7.4 Environmental risk considerations should include theeffects of the plume, soot, heat flux, fire spread and remainingburn residue (Guide F1788).7.5 Risks to human health and safety should be considered,both to personnel conducting the burn, and to the generalpublic. Monitoring protocols shou
29、ld be implemented in accor-dance with local regulations, and the monitoring teams shouldbe alerted (Guide F1788). Plume, air, and fire modeling resultsshould be considered.7.6 Prevention or control of secondary fires should beplanned for. Provision should be made for changes in winddirection or spee
30、d.7.7 Local aviation, navigation, and highway authoritiesshould be notified before the burn is initiated.7.8 The burn should be monitored and recorded, includingdirection, altitude, and behavior of the smoke plume. Still andvideo photography should be used for documentation.7.9 After the burn has be
31、en extinguished, the area should besurveyed, and the effectiveness of the burn should be assessedand documented. A fire watch should be established to ensurethat the fire is completely extinguished.7.10 Residual oil contamination may be ignited, if possible.7.11 If possible, burn residues should be
32、collected anddisposed of in accordance with local regulations. Oil residuecollection may not always be advisable, and should be weighedagainst the potential damage from people and equipment usedfor residue collection.7.12 Monitoring of marsh recovery and potential restorationshould be conducted.8. S
33、ummary8.1 Oil spills in marshes may present unique challenges forresponse personnel. Access may be difficult, and the presenceof water and soft substrate may preclude the use of conven-tional oil cleanup equipment and personnel. Shallow watermay not allow the use of vessels and successful deployment
34、 of3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.F2823 152booms and skimmers. In-situ burning may provide the mostsuitable, and sometimes the only option for removing thespilled oil from the environment. Use of machinery and humanfoot traffic can resul
35、t in mixing of oil with sediments, whichcan have an adverse effect on marshes.8.2 The decision to conduct in-situ burning should considera variety of factors including marsh type, vegetation recovery,water level, presence of wildlife, and secondary fires. Consul-tation with biologists, fire ecologis
36、ts, and other experts isessential. For a successful burn to occur, the oil thicknessshould be greater than 2 to 3 mm. A water depth of at least 2cm will encourage rapid vegetation recovery.8.3 Before conducting the burn, an in-situ burning plan andfire safety plan should be completed. Appropriate re
37、gulatoryagencies and fire departments should be notified, and burnpermit(s) sought. Risk to human heath shall be considered.Monitoring of the burns and smoke plume should be conductedif necessary. When the fire has been extinguished, burnresidues may be collected and disposed of, if advisable.Monito
38、ring of the marsh should be conducted to followrecovery.9. Keywords9.1 in situ burning; marsh; oil spills; tradeoffsAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. CASE STUDIESX1.1 Seven case studies are presented to exemplify the useof in-situ burning in marshes (Refs (5-16).X1.1.1 Copano Bay: (Ref (5)On Jan
39、uary 7, 1992, anunderground pipeline ruptured by Chiltipin Creek near CopanoBay, Texas, spilling 460 m3(2900 barrels) of South Texas lightcrude oil into a salt marsh. Vacuum trucks, skimmer, pumps,and sorbents were brought to the scene but proved to be onlymarginally effective. After considering var
40、ious options, adecision was made to burn the oil. The oil was ignited fourdays after it spilled, and burned for 20 h in various areas. Thearea was surveyed, and pockets of remaining oil were ignitedlater. At the time of the burn the marsh was covered with waterfrom recent heavy rainfall, providing p
41、rotection to plant rootsand rhyzomes. A study to monitor marsh plant recovery over aperiod of five years suggested that plant diversity in theimpacted area was reduced, but that total plant biomass wassimilar to the control area after two growth seasons.X1.1.2 Rockefeller Refuge: (Ref (6-8)On March
42、13,1995, approximately 6 m3(40 barrels) of condensate oil (APIGravity 40 to 42) spilled from a pipeline in the RockefellerRefuge, Louisiana, affecting 20 ha. (50 acres) of brackishmarsh. Mechanical cleanup equipment was brought on scene,but was both ineffective at collecting the oil and damaging tot
43、he marsh. In-situ burning of marshes is commonly used in thatarea to reduce organic debris, reduce unwanted fires, andenhance marsh growth. At the time of the spill the water layerover the marsh soil was 5 to 10 cm thick. In-situ burning of theoiled marsh was approved and conducted four days after t
44、heburn, removing the oil from 8 ha. (20 acres) of the impactedmarsh. Studies conducted three years later concluded that theareas impacted and burned recovered better than the areasimpacted but not burned. Three years after the burn, the burnedareas attained the same plant density as the reference ar
45、ea.X1.1.3 Ruffy Brook: (Ref (9, 10) )On July 22, 2000 atransfer pipeline near Ruffy Brook, Minnesota, failed andreleased over 8 m3(50 barrels) of medium Bow River crude oilinto a marsh fed by Ruffy Brook. The spill affected approxi-mately 3 acres of fresh water marsh, that was covered by water30 to
46、100 cm above the marsh soil surface. Mechanicalrecovery was deemed difficult to deploy and potentially dam-aging to the marsh, so in-situ burning was conducted the sameday of the spill. The burn lasted for three hours, and remainingpockets of oil were ignited over a period of three days. Nosecondary
47、 burning occurred during this operation. It is esti-mated that 80 % of the oil was consumed during the burn. Asignificant amount of burn residue (in some places 1 cm thick)was left after the fire went out. The residue was picked up byhand three days later. There is no evidence that any residuesank.
48、The marsh was visited a year later, and found to haverecovered well, with the exception of willows, a fire sensitivespecies. The quick response prevented spreading of the oil andthereby minimizing damage to the marsh.X1.1.4 Bayou Tank Battery: (Ref (11)On August 17,2002, a spill occurred at a tank b
49、attery in the Sabine NationalWildlife Refuge in Southwestern Louisiana. The spill of 24 to50 m3(150 to 300 barrels) crude oil ran into the adjacentmarsh. Salt water spilled together with the oil, spread the oilover about 1.5 Ha (3.5 acres) of dense marsh. A burn wasstarted on the first day. A survey indicated that most of the oilhad been successfully removed from the marsh. The removal ofthe residue, however, proved to be difficult and took severaldays to accomplish using sorbents and nets. Soil samples weretaken in unaffected and burn areas to assess them for metalco
