1、Designation: F2824 10 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Method forMechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and BowlContainers with Flexible Peelable Lids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2824; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a method for the measure-ment of mechanical s
3、eal strength while separating the entire lid(cover/membrane) from a rigid or semi-rigid round container.1.2 This test method differs from Test Method F88. TestMethod F88 tests a portion of the seal where as this test methodtests the force required to separate the entire lid (cover/membrane) from the
4、 container.1.3 This test method is used to determine the continuous andmaximum forces required to separate the lid (cover/membrane)from the container.1.4 This test method uses an angle of pull of 45, howeverother angles of pull may be used provided results are docu-mented noting the used angle of pu
5、ll and said procedure isvalidated.1.5 Typical examples of container shapes that could betested using this or a similar method include oval, rectangular,and circular with single or multiple cavities having a sealed lid(cover/membrane). Examples of products packaged in thesetypes of containers are: re
6、ady meals, creamers, coffee, yogurts,household fresheners, chemical and pharmaceutical products,and numerous others not mentioned. However, this testmethod, described within, is specifically for round containers.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values give
7、n in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish a
8、ppro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inA
9、STM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF17 Terminology Relating to Flexible Barrier PackagingF88 Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible BarrierMaterials2.2 Other Standard:ANSI/AAMI/ISO 116071 Packaging for Terminally Steril-
10、ized Medical DevicesPart 1: Requirements forMaterials, Sterile Barrier Systems, and Packaging Sys-tems33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 average seal strengththe sum of the individualforces recorded divided by the total number of those measure-ments. The calculat
11、ion can be expressed as the averagebetween the peaks or within the peaks (see Fig. 1).3.1.2 flexibleSee Terminology F17.3.1.3 grip separation ratea function of the test equipmentdesign and angle of peel to achieve the correct peel rate. It isthe actual peel rate of separating the lid (cover/membrane
12、)from the container. For this test method, the actual separationrate is 12 in./min (300 mm/min).3.1.4 maximum seal strengththe maximum force mea-sured when separating progressively, under the conditions ofthe test.3.1.5 peel anglethe angle of the lid (cover/membrane)relative to the container seal su
13、rface at all points of removal of1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F02 on FlexibleBarrier Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.20 onPhysical Properties.Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originallyapproved in 2010. Last pr
14、evious edition approved in 2010 as F2824101. DOI:10.1520/F282410R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM w
15、ebsite.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1the lid (cover/membrane) from the container seal sur
16、face. Thepreferred angle for this test method is 45 (Fig. 2) but otherangles can be used.3.1.6 peel linethe line of direction of peel, normally 90 tothe line beginning at the starting peel point and bisects thecontainer area evenly (see Fig. 2).3.1.7 seal areathe total area of the container which is
17、sealed to the lid (cover/membrane) and requires a force toseparate them.3.1.8 starting peel pointthe extended tab provided by thedesign of the lid (cover/membrane).3.1.9 workthe energy required to separate the lid (cover/membrane) from the test container. Typically, this calculationis made by the co
18、mputer software or can be calculated as thearea under the force-displacement curve.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test sample (container) is fastened securely to thetest fixture with the starting peel point (extended tab ifprovided) of the lid (cover/membrane) attached to the grip ofthe force meas
19、uring device (load cell). The lid (cover/membrane) is peeled from the container at a constant rate ofspeed along the peel line of the container and at a 45 angle(other angles are permitted but must be noted and reported withtest results) measured from the sealed surface of the containerand lid (cove
20、r/membrane). Forces measured during the test arerecorded and plotted for analysis and reporting.5. Significance and Use5.1 Test Method F88 has been the standard for the mechani-cal peel strength testing of peelable seals since the 1960s.Normally the testing is run on a portion of the seal. The resul
21、tis an actual seal strength picture of that portion of the seal. Thistest method is different in that the entire package seal is peeledopen and data collected for the entire sealed area.5.2 This test method is a tool for quality assurance use aswell as performance evaluation of a seal during separat
22、ion.5.3 With appropriate software, data is collected depictingthe seal strength of the entire length of the seal. As a result, itis possible to see seal strength variations, as the seal is peeledapart, thereby evaluating the consistency and uniformity of theseal (see Fig. 1).FIG. 1 Average Seal Stre
23、ngthF2824 10 (2015)26. Apparatus6.1 Testing machine of the constant-rate-of-peel type shallbe used.6.2 The constant rate of peel between the clamp (grip) andthe sample container shall be maintained at a constant rate of12 6 0.5 in./min (300 6 12.7 mm/min).6.3 There shall be an electronic measuring d
24、evice (forcegage) capable of taking a sufficient number of readings persecond and compatible with the computer program such that acontinuous graph of force versus displacement is achieved. It isalso possible to use an analog instrument which inputs to anX-Y plotter to obtain the force versus displac
25、ement curve. Aclamp or grip is fastened to the electronic measuring deviceand suitable for holding the lid (cover/membrane) shall be used(see Fig. 1).6.4 There shall be a fixture suitable for securing the samplecontainer in such a position as to cause the lid (cover/membrane) to be peeled at a const
26、ant 45 angle during theentire test. Since any movement of the container in the fixturecan affect the value obtained by the electronic measuringdevice, the container must be held fast.7. Sampling and Test Specs and Units7.1 Sample size is determined by using an approved statis-tically validated sampl
27、ing plan.7.2 Sample identification should be made prior to specifictest samples, if necessary. Record the information such that testresults and anomalies are identifiable back to the individualspecimens.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Apparatus shall be positioned according to manufactur-ers instruct
28、ions and in a suitable environment for testingconditions.9. Calibration and Standardization9.1 Calibration of the force gage shall be verified prior totesting and accurate to 61 % of the full scale of the electronicmeasuring device.9.2 Follow the gage manufacturers procedure for calibra-tion.10. Con
29、ditioning10.1 Conditioning of the samples will depend on the mate-rial under evaluation. If conditioning before testing isappropriate, normal, and desirable, then condition the testspecimens at 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 5 % RH untilmaterial has reached stabilization. See Practice D4332 forguida
30、nce on conditioning practices.FIG. 2 Peel Line and Peel AngleF2824 10 (2015)311. Procedure11.1 Verify calibration of the force-measuring device priorto proceeding with the test. See 9.2.11.2 Determine the peel line of the sample container to betested and secure the container in the test equipment fi
31、xturewith the starting peel point and peel line oriented so that thedirection of the peel travels along the peel line.11.3 Secure the lid peeling tab in the grip of the forcemeasuring device.11.4 Set the rate of peel to 12 6 0.5 in./min (300 6 12.7mm/min) and start the test.11.5 Upon completion of t
32、he test cycle record the measuredresults, remove the sample, and repeat the process for addi-tional samples.12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.2 Statement of the angle of peel that was used and anyindication of any deviation from the test method as written.12.3 Identification of the
33、source, size, and shape of thesample tested along with any other necessary information touniquely identify the sample.12.4 Description of any anomalous behavior during thetesting (such as tearing of the lid (cover/membrane).12.5 Measured values for: average seal strength, work, andmaximum seal stren
34、gth.12.6 Sample conditioning if different than the test method.13. Precision and Bias13.1 The precision of this test method is based on aninterlaboratory study (ILS) of ASTM WK18963 conducted in2008. Four laboratories analyzed two different specimen types,reporting data for five peel strength parame
35、ters. Every “testresult” represents an individual determination. The laboratorieswere instructed to report twenty replicate results for eachparameter in order to estimate the repeatability and reproduc-ibility limits of the standard. Except for the use of only fourlaboratories, Practice E691 was fol
36、lowed for the design andanalysis of the data; the details are given in ASTM ResearchReport RR:F02-1028.413.1.1 Repeatability Limit (r)Two test results obtainedwithin one laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if theydiffer by more than the “r” value for that material; “r”istheinterval representin
37、g the critical difference between two testresults for the same material, obtained by the same operatorusing the same equipment on the same day in the samelaboratory.13.1.1.1 Repeatability limits are listed in Table 1 and Table2 below.13.1.2 Reproducibility Limit (R)Two test results shall bejudged no
38、t equivalent if they differ by more than the “R” valuefor that material; “R” is the interval representing the criticaldifference between two test results for the same material,obtained by different operators using different equipment indifferent laboratories.13.1.2.1 Reproducibility limits are liste
39、d in Table 1 andTable 2 below.13.1.3 The above terms (repeatability limit and reproduc-ibility limit) are used as specified in Practice E177.13.1.4 Any judgment in accordance with statements 13.1.1and 13.1.2 would normally have an approximate 95 % prob-ability of being correct, however the precision
40、 statistics ob-tained in this ILS must not be treated as exact mathematicalquantities which are applicable to all circumstances and uses.The limited number of materials tested and laboratories report-ing results guarantees that there will be times when differencesgreater than predicted by the ILS re
41、sults will arise, sometimeswith considerably greater or smaller frequency than the 95 %probability limit would imply. The repeatability limit and thereproducibility limit should be considered as general guides,and the associated probability of 95 % as only a roughindicator of what can be expected.13
42、.2 BiasAt the time of the study, the test specimenschosen for analysis were not accepted reference materialssuitable for determining the bias for this test method, thereforeno statement on bias is being made.13.3 The precision statement was determined through sta-tistical examination of 760 data poi
43、nts, from four laboratories,on a total of two unique material sets. These two differentmaterial types were described as the following:Material A: Gelatin cupsCup: Thermoformed polypropyleneLid: Foil lamination with peel layerMaterial B: Stuffing mix cupsCup: Thermoformed multilayer plastic laminateL
44、id: Plastic film with peel layer4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:F02-1028. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.TABLE 1 Gelatin CupsMaterial AverageAStandard Deviationof Laboratory AveragesRepeatabilityS
45、tandard DeviationReproducibilityStandard DeviationRepeatabilityLimitReproducibilityLimitx sxsrsRrRFirst Peak, lbf (N) 3.186 (14.172) 0.207 (0.921) 0.297 (1.321) 0.356 (1.584) 0.833 (3.705) 0.997 (4.435)Second Peak, lbf (N) 4.408 (19.608) 0.148 (0.658) 0.396 (1.761) 0.414 (1.842) 1.110 (4.938) 1.158
46、(5.151)Average Seal Strength, lbf (N) 1.525 (6.784) 0.142 (0.632) 0.076 (0.338) 0.161 (0.716) 0.213 (0.947) 0.450 (2.002)Maximum Seal Strength, lbf (N) 4.391 (19.532) 0.146 (0.649) 0.417 (1.855) 0.432 (1.922) 1.169 (5.200) 1.210 (5.382)Work, in.-lbf (N-m) 8.353 (0.9438) 0.527 (0.0595) 0.410 (0.0463)
47、 0.661 (0.0747) 1.149 (0.1298) 1.852 (0.2092)AThe average of the laboratories calculated averages.F2824 10 (2015)413.4 To judge the equivalency of two test results, it isrecommended to choose the material closest in characteristicsto the test material.13.5 The standard deviations of the laboratory a
48、verages(above) imply less variability is achieved when multipleresults, in this case 20, are averaged from any given instrumentor laboratory, than when individual replicates are produced andreported under repeatability conditions.14. Keywords14.1 average seal strength; cups round containers; flexibl
49、e;grip separation rate; lid; packaging; peak seal strength; peel;peel angle; seal; seal area; seal strengthAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONSX1.1 There are several machines in the marketplace whichprovide for a 45 peel angle when peeling lids (covers) off rigidcontainers. It is important to be sure that the peel angle remainsconstant for the entire peel and that the linear speed parallel tothe plane of the lid is controlled to a constant 12 in./min orwhatever the desired speed is. This is accomplished by theinstrument sho
