1、Designation: F2926 12Standard Guide forSelection and Operation of Vessel-mounted CameraSystems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2926; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for theselection of camera remote sensing systems that are vessel-mounted for the detectio
3、n of oil on water.1.2 This guide applies to the detection of oil-on-waterinvolving cameras of IR, visible, ultra-violet, or night visiontypes.1.3 The context of camera use is addressed to the extent ithas a bearing on their selection and utility for certain missionsor objectives.1.4 This guide is ge
4、nerally applicable to all types of crudeoils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine orfresh water situations.1.5 Many camera technologies exhibit limitations with re-spect to discriminating between the target substances undercertain states of weathering, lighting, wind and sea, or va
5、riouscamera settings.1.6 General remote sensing systems are used to detect anddelineate the overall slick. Vessel-mounted systems are usedonly to provide a tactical image in front of the recovery vessel.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement ar
6、e included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations p
7、rior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2327 Guide for Selection of Airborne Remote SensingSystems for Detection and Monitoring of Oil on Water3. Significance and Use3.1 The contributions of an effective vessel-mounted cam-era system:3.1.1 Provide a tactical image of the portion of s
8、pill in frontof the vessel upon which the system is mounted,3.1.2 Assist in detection of slicks when they are not observ-able by persons operating at, or near, the waters surface or atnight,3.1.3 Provide assistance in judging whether these are sheensor slicks containing the most oil,3.1.4 Provide in
9、put for the operational deployment of equip-ment,3.1.5 Extend the hours of clean-up operations to includedarkness and poor visibility,3.1.6 Identify oceanographic and geographic features to-ward which the oil may migrate,3.1.7 Locate reported oil-on-water, and3.1.8 Guidance for operational crews to
10、the slick(s).4. Overview of Remote Sensing Equipment Capabilitiesand Limitations4.1 The capability of camera equipment is determined bythe physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere, thewater, and the target oil. There may be variations in the degreeof sophistication, sensitivity and spatial
11、 resolution of sensorsusing the same portion of the electromagnetic spectrum anddetector technology. Sensors within a given class tend to havethe same general capabilities and typically suffer from the samelimitations (see Guide F2327).4.2 Combinations of camera types may offer broader spec-tral cov
12、erage that permit better probability of detection, betterdiscrimination, and effective operation over a broader range ofweather and lighting conditions. Certain combinations, orsensor suites, are well documented, and their use is particularlysuited to oil spill response missions.4.3 Camera performan
13、ce can be enhanced by a variety ofreal-, near real-time or post processing techniques applied tothe acquired data or imagery. Furthermore, image or datafusion can greatly enhance the utility of the camera output orproduct.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubsta
14、nces and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.Current edition approved March 1, 2012. Published March 2012. DOI: 10.1520/F292612.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
15、serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.4 In a deployment of camera systems, it is likely
16、 that thesource, general location and type of oil have been reported inadvance of the launch of the vessel upon which the camerasystem is mounted. The planning for spills in different situationinfluences the selection of cameras.4.5 Vessel-mounted cameras can provide tactical imagery,such as to dete
17、rmine the response vessel maneuvers to enhancethe oil encounter rates during daytime and nighttime.4.6 In rough sea conditions, some form of camera stabili-zation may be needed to produce a useful image.4.7 No sensor is currently available to give information onactual oil thickness. Only relative th
18、ickness information, thickor thin, can be derived from an infrared camera.4.8 Table 1 lists cameras based upon their mode of opera-tion. Summary information on their positive features andlimitations is presented.4.9 Table 2 presents a summary of key attributes whichgenerally influence the selection
19、of cameras.5. Summary5.1 The information presented in this guide should beconsidered a starting point for camera selection. In addition tothe context of use and the attributes of the various types ofsensors. Both camera technology, and image and data analysiscapabilities are evolving rapidly. Some e
20、quipment is notcommercially-available.5.2 After selecting the camera, one must select the correctmounting angle and position. A nomogram is presented inTable 3 to assist in mounting the camera and selecting viewangles. Cameras for surveillance applications are suited to oilspill vessel applications
21、as they are available with remote angleand pan controls as well as narrow fields of view (vertical andhorizontal view angles). Fig. 1 shows the essential crosssection of a camera mount.5.2.1 It is important then to purchase a camera with thevertical and horizontal view angles that will permit the ve
22、sselto look forward sufficiently to enable steering into the slick. Itis important that the camera have a good view of the slick andof the boom, if used, where the skimmer is positioned.Calculations were made on optimal angles, etc. and arepresented in Table 3.5.3 Setting the Camera AngleThe camera
23、is best set atBrewsters angle, which is about 53 from the vertical. AtBrewsters angle, reflection from the water surface is mini-mized. This angle however may not permit sufficient forwardview for some applications. Thus an adjustable camera isdesirable. See Fig. 2.6. Conclusions6.1 Vessel mounted c
24、ameras can provide useful imagery toassist in maneuvering the vessel during oil recovery to enhanceoil encounter rate.6.2 Four types of cameras are used, infrared, visible,ultraviolet and night vision. Infrared is common and canprovide imagery discriminating between sheens and thicker oil.Infrared c
25、ameras are often used together with visible cameras.Ultraviolet cameras may be less useful as they highlightsunlight and other glare. Night vision cameras may enhancenight recovery operations.6.3 The height and angle mounting of the camera areimportant both to provide a useful image as well as to pr
26、ovidedesired coverage of sea surface. Cameras should be mounted ator near Brewsters angle (about 53 from the vertical).6.4 Cameras with pan, tilt, zoom capability are best forvessel-mounted applications.7. Keywords7.1 mast-mounted sensors; oil spill detection; oil spill re-mote sensing; ship-mounted
27、 sensorsF2926 122TABLE 1 Camera CharacteristicsCamera/Band Principal of Operation Positive Features LimitationsVisual Operate in, and near, the (human) visible spectrum(400 to 750 nm). Using photographic films,scanners with one or more narrow band detectorsor charge coupled devices (CCD) to capture
28、an image.Equipment is widely available, generally inexpensive,light and easily accommodated on mostplatforms. Imagery is in every-day use and the laymancan easily relate to its content. This characteristicmakes the imagery an excellent base forrecording and presenting other data.Oil is generally per
29、ceptible over the entire visiblespectrum, but is not specific to an oil type.Instances of not being able to discriminatethe oil from its background, or differentiate itfrom other substances or phenomena in or on thewaters surface, lead to frequent non-detectsand false detects. Night vision cameras m
30、ayextend the operational window, but visualtechnologies are limited by available light.Infrared While the infrared (IR) spectrum ranges from750 nm to 1 mm, the bulk of the camera systemsoperate in the thermal or mid-IR, 3 to 30 m(3000 to 30 000 nm).Within this range there are two predominant sub-gro
31、upsoperating at 3 to 5 m and 8 to 12 or 14 m.The latter range offers the most useful data for oil spills.Fresh oil shows a contrast to open water in thethermal infrared. This characteristic is not uniqueto hydrocarbons. Slicks thicker than about 20 to 70 mAcan be seen. Newer IR cameras have excellen
32、t thermaldiscrimination, fairly good resolution, arelight-weight, have modest power demands, andtypically have both digital and video outputs.Small patches, thin, or significantly weathered oil maynot be detectable. Other heterogeneities such as highamounts of seaweed or debris, oil in or on ice,oil
33、 on beaches, etc. may render the oil undetectablein the IR. There is no relationship between slickthickness and the intensity of the IR image.In the daytime thick oil is hotter than waterand oil of intermediate thickness is cooler.(The cross over with water occurs when the oil isabout 20 to 150 m th
34、ick.)BAt nightthis relationship reverses (unless the spill is freshand the oil is hotter than the water when itarrives at the surface). This results in twoperiods per day (near sunrise and sunset) withpoor discrimination.Ultraviolet Oil is highly reflective in the ultraviolet(UV200 to 400 nm).Very t
35、hin (10 m) layers of oil can be detected inthe UV.BThus, even sheens, can be delineated.UV cameras have fairly good resolution, are lightweight, and haveminimal power demandsHigh UV reflectance is not unique to oil. Sun glint,biogenic and other materials and phenomena canyield strong returns in the
36、UV. Thistechnology is limited to available light situationsand is best used in combination with other sensors,typically IR.Night VisionCamerasLow light levels are amplified and thencaptured on a conventional camera system.Can provide a clean image of the targeted scene evenin complete darkness.Image
37、 is still limited as there is no unique oil signature.Extraneous light as from navigation lights mayflood the image.AFingas, M. F., and Brown, C. E., “Oil Spill Remote Sensing, A Review,” Chapter 6 in Oil Spill Science and Technology, Elsevier, New York, NY, 2011, pp. 111169,.BFingas, M., and C. Bro
38、wn, “Oil Spill Remote Sensing: A Forensic Approach”, Chapter 14 in Oil Spill Environmental Forensics: Fingerprinting and Source Identification, Z. Wang and S. Stout, Eds., Academic Press,Amsterdam, 2007, pp. 419447.F2926123TABLE 2 Key Attributes for Camera SelectionACamera State ofDevelopmentExperie
39、ncein UseBSpecific toOilImmunityto False TargetsAcquisitionCost Range k$Special MountingRequirementsCCD Camera High High Poor Poor 1 to 5 noneVideovisual High High Poor Poor 1 to 10 noneIR camera(3 to 5 m)High Medium Poor Poor 4 to 10 noneIR Camera(8 to 14m)Medium Medium Medium Medium 10 to 50 noneU
40、V Camera Medium Medium Poor Poor 4 to 20 noneAInformation presented in this table was adapted from: Fingas, M. F. and, Brown, C., “Oil Spill Remote Sensing: A Review,” Chapter 6, in Oil Spill Science andTechnology, M. Fingas, Editor, Gulf Publishing Company, NY, NY, 2011, pp. 111169.BThe Experience
41、in Use refers to the amount of historical use.TABLE 3 Nomogram Showing Mast Heights, Camera Angles, and CoverageCamera heightabove water(m)Viewing angle(a) ()Camera verticalview angle(b) ()Distancealong water(m)Camera Horizontal View Angle (c) ()Distanceacross water (m)Area viewedon water (m2)8 53 3
42、 0.3 0.5 1.5 3 0.2 0.5 18 53 7.5 0.6 0.4 1.2 2.4 0.2 0.7 18 53 12.5 1 0.4 1.2 2.4 0.4 1.2 28 53 20 1.7 0.4 1.3 2.6 0.7 2.2 48 45 3 0.3 0.5 1.5 3 0.2 0.5 18 45 12.5 1.2 0.5 1.4 2.9 0.6 1.7 384 2.5.51368 40 3 0.3 0.5 1.5 3 0.2 0.5 18 40 12.5 1.3 0.5 1.6 3.1 0.7 2.1 48 40 20 2.1 0.5 1.6 3.2 1.1 3.4 712
43、 53 3 0.4 0.7 2 4 0.3 0.8 212 53 10 1.3 0.7 2 3.9 0.9 2.6 512 53 20 2.5 0.6 1.9 3.8 1.5 4.8 1012 45 3 0.4 0.7 2 4 0.3 0.8 212 45 10 1.5 0.8 2.3 4.5 1.2 3.5 712 45 20 2.9 0.7 2.2 4.4 2 6.4 1312 40 3 0.5 0.8 2.5 5 0.4 1.3 312 40 10 1.6 0.8 2.4 4.8 1.28 3.8 812 40 20 3.2 0.8 2.4 4.8 2.6 7.7 1512 53 3 0
44、.4 0.7 2 4 0.3 0.8 212 53 10 1.3 0.7 2 3.9 0.9 2.6 512 53 20 2.5 0.6 1.9 3.8 1.5 4.8 1012 45 3 0.4 0.7 2 4 0.3 0.8 212 45 12.5 1.8 0.7 2.2 4.3 1.3 4 812 45 20 2.9 0.7 2.2 4.4 2 6.4 1312 40 3 0.5 0.8 2.5 5 0.4 1.3 312 40 10 1.6 0.8 2.4 4.8 1.28 3.8 812 40 20 3.2 0.8 2.4 4.8 2.6 7.7 1515 53 3 0.5 0.8
45、2.5 5 0.4 1.3 315 53 12.5 2 0.8 2.4 4.8 1.6 4.8 1015 53 20 3.1 0.8 2.3 4.7 2.5 7.1 1515 45 3 0.6 1 3 6 0.6 1.8 415 45 12.5 2.3 0.9 2.8 5.5 2.1 6.4 1315 45 20 3.7 0.9 2.8 5.6 3.3 10.4 2115 40 3 0.6 1 3 6 0.6 1.8 415 40 12.5 2.5 1 3 6 2.5 7.5 1515 40 20 4 1 3 6 4 12 2420 53 3 0.6 1 3 6 0.6 1.8 420 53
46、12.5 2.6 1 3.1 6.2 2.6 8.1 1620 53 20 4.2 1.1 3.2 6.3 4.6 13.4 2620 40 3 0.8 1.3 4 8 1 3.2 620 40 12.5 3.3 1.3 4 7.9 4.3 13.2 2620 40 20 5.3 1.3 4 8 6.9 21.2 42F2926 124FIG. 1 Schematic of Camera View GeometryFIG. 2 Plan View of Camera View Geometry, Camera LookingDownF2926 125ASTM International tak
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