1、Designation: F3027 13Standard Guide forTraining of Personnel Operating in Mountainous Terrain(Mountain Endorsement)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3027; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, includinggeneral and field knowledge, skills, and abilities, for sear
3、ch andrescue personnel who conduct operations in mountainousterrain.1.2 A Mountain Endorsement is intended only for thoseindividuals capable of operating in the difficult conditionsfound in mountainous terrain, at altitudes that may have anegative impact on human physiology.1.3 Specifically, Mountai
4、n Endorsed individuals may, underqualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely andeffectively in mountainous terrain.1.4 A Mountain Endorsement alone is not sufficient toindicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, and/orabilities to perform any specific duties, including searc
5、h andrescue operations, other than those defined within this guide.1.5 This guide alone does not provide the minimum trainingrequirements for performing operations in partially or fullycollapsed structures, in- or on-water, in confined spaces,underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), or in
6、 analpine environment.1.6 Type I-IV teams (as defined in F1993) which may utilizepersonnel trained to this guide are KindA(wilderness), Kind B(urban), and Kind C (mountainous), Kind D (disaster/collapse),Kind E (inland water), Kind G (cave), Kind H (mine), Kind I(avalanche), Kind J (evidence/cadaver
7、), Kind K (aircraft),and/or Kind L (unclassified).1.7 Mountain Endorsed SAR personnel must work underqualified supervision, as deemed appropriate by the AuthorityHaving Jurisdiction (AHJ).1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
8、theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1773 Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering,Search and Rescue Equipment a
9、nd PracticesF1993 Classification System of Human Search and RescueResourcesF2209 Guide for Training of Level I Land Search TeamMemberF2752 Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescue (R1)Rescuer Endorsement2.2 Other References:National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) publicationPMS 304-2, “Fitness
10、 and Work Capacity”“Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills,” 8th ed.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 alpine environment, nmountainous terrain, typicallyabove tree line, where the ability to negotiate routes rated Class253is required and where travel is further
11、 affected by anycombination of altitude, extreme weather, extensive exposureto snow/ice obstacles, avalanche risk, and crevasses. Ingeneral, the alpine environment includes all mountainousterrain above 3,500 meters.3.1.2 alpine ice axe, nas defined by the UIAA (UnionInternationale Des Associations D
12、Alpinisme), a Type B icetool (the UIAA Basic type) with lower strength, for use ingeneral circumstances, as on glacier for snow hiking, for skimountaineering, etc., and which meets the requirements ofUIAA 152 or CE EN 13089:2011.3.1.3 exposure, nthe degree to which a person is exposedon a high, shee
13、r, and unsheltered rock face.3.1.4 mountainous terrain, na tract of land characterizedby steep slopes and great variations in elevation, where the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Searchand Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel
14、,Training and Education.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013. Published October 2013. DOI: 10.1520/F3027-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the st
15、andards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Route Class is defined by the Yosemite Decimal System: Ronald C. Eng andJulie Van Pelt, eds., Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills, 8th ed. (Seattle, WA:Mountaineers Books, 2010), p. 564.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
16、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1ability to negotiate routes rated Class 244, and occasionallyClass 55, is required, and where travel is limited by steep tovertical rock, steep forested or brush-covered terrain, talusslopes, boulder fields, and occasional snow and/or ice ob-sta
17、cles.3.1.5 qualified supervisor, nan individual with demon-strated knowledge or competence in a task, to whom the AHJhas granted the authority to observe and oversee an individualperforming that task.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this guide, seeTerminology F1773, Guides F1993, F2209, an
18、d F2752.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for trainingof SAR personnel who conduct operations in mountainousterrain.4.1.1 Mountain Endorsed individuals are required to have,at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities pertaining tosafe movement individually,
19、or as a member of a team, inmountainous terrain.4.1.2 Every person who is identified as Mountain Endorsedshall meet the requirements of this guide.4.1.3 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall be entitled to addthe prefix “Mountain Endorsed”) to their current traininglevels.4.2 This guide only establish
20、es the minimum knowledge,skills, and abilities required for a person to operate in moun-tainous terrain as a part of a larger team. No other skills areincluded or implied.4.3 Mountain Endorsement only indicates that personnel arequalified to operate safely and effectively in mountainousterrain in th
21、eir normal area of operations.4.3.1 A Mountain Endorsement alone does not indicate thatan individual possesses adequate field skills and knowledge tomake mission-critical decisions.4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required fortraining or evaluating a Mountain Endorsed individual, andmay be
22、 used to assist in the development of a trainingdocument or program.4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document todetermine if its content includes the topics necessary fortraining individuals to operate in the mountainous environ-ment. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existingt
23、raining program to see if it meets the requirements in thisguide.4.6 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in thefollowing sections are not in any particular order and do notrepresent a training sequence.4.7 This guide does not stand alone and must be used withother ASTM Standards to identi
24、fy the knowledge, skills, andabilities needed to conduct search and/or rescue in the moun-tainous environment.4.8 Though this guide establishes only minimum standards,it does not imply that a Mountain Endorsed individual is a“trainee,” “probationary,” or other similarly termed member ofan organizati
25、on.4.8.1 The AHJ is responsible for determining the require-ments and qualifications for its team member ratings.4.8.2 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from addingadditional requirements for its own members.4.9 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall document trainingby completion of a position ta
26、sk book, or by field demonstra-tion under qualified supervision. Where proficiency in a skill orability must be demonstrated, unless stated otherwise it shall bedemonstrated for initial qualification, and as often as requiredby the AHJ.5. General Knowledge5.1 The AHJ shall verify that a Mountain End
27、orsed personpossesses both attitude and aptitude for working in mountain-ous terrain:5.1.1 The individual must demonstrate the ability to func-tion effectively in highly exposed locations, at altitude, in theconditions normal to that terrain;5.1.2 The individual must demonstrate the ability to moves
28、afely and effectively anywhere in that terrain.5.2 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall demonstrateknowledge of the following:5.2.1 The differences between wilderness travel and moun-tain travel.5.2.2 Human functional and survival needs in cold, windy,and wet environments, including:5.2.2.1 Clothing
29、(suitable for all four seasons);5.2.2.2 Shelter, both emergency and extended stay;5.2.2.3 Nutrition;5.2.2.4 Hydration;5.2.2.5 Hygiene;5.2.2.6 Sanitation;5.2.2.7 Individual and team safety issues specific to operat-ing in mountainous terrain.5.2.3 Medical conditions such as:5.2.3.1 Acute Mountain Sic
30、kness (AMS);5.2.3.2 High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE);5.2.3.3 High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE);5.2.3.4 Hypothermia;5.2.3.5 Snow blindness;5.2.3.6 Frostbite.5.2.4 Risks and hazards specific to mountainous terrain, andmethods for avoiding or mitigating them. Such risks andhazards include:5.2.4.1
31、 Personal fall;5.2.4.2 Rock fall;5.2.4.3 Severe and rapidly changing weather;5.2.4.4 Avalanches if avalanches occur within the normalresponse area;5.2.4.5 Rapidly rising water and flash floods.5.3 If avalanches occur within the normal response area, orif required by the AHJ, Mountain Endorsed indivi
32、duals shall4Eng and Van Pelt, eds., p. 564.5Eng and Van Pelt, eds., p. 564.F3027 132have, at a minimum, American Institute for Avalanche Re-search and Education (AIARE) Level 1, National Ski Patrol(NSP) Level 1, American Avalanche Association (AAA) Level1, or equivalent avalanche safety and rescue t
33、raining.6. Skills and Abilities Specific to Mountainous Terrain6.1 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall possess and carrysufficient Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and gear tofunction effectively in mountainous terrain while maintainingpersonal safety. This PPE and gear shall include, at a minimu
34、m,the following:6.1.1 Head protection (helmet);6.1.2 Hand protection (gloves);6.1.3 Eye protection (glasses/goggles/shield);6.1.4 Sufficient clothing, appropriate to the environment andterrain;6.1.5 Seat harness;6.1.6 Slings/lanyards (for personal use);6.1.7 Ascending equipment;6.1.8 Connectors/cara
35、biners;6.1.9 Descending equipment;6.1.10 Head lamp;6.1.11 Alpine ice axe, if needed, appropriate for terrain inthe normal area of operations;6.1.12 Crampons, if needed, appropriate for terrain in thenormal area of operations;6.1.13 Avalanche transceiver, probe, and shovel, if ava-lanches occur withi
36、n the normal area of operations, or ifrequired by the AHJ.6.2 Each piece of PPE or gear listed in 6.1 shall be certifiedunder a national, or international, life safety standard, if oneexists, from an organization such as UIAA, CEN, ASTM, CI,or NFPA.6.3 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall be equipped
37、 tosurvive in the field for up to 48 hours.6.4 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate theability to survive and function effectively as part of a self-sustained team, in mountainous terrain, for a minimum of 48hours, under field supervision.6.5 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall demonstrat
38、e pro-ficiency in the following:6.5.1 Performance of an overnight bivouac in mountainousterrain in winter in the normal area of operations;6.5.2 Winter survival skills, including the ability to con-struct an improvised shelter;6.5.3 Awareness of dangerous wildlife found in mountain-ous terrain;6.5.4
39、 Understanding of lightning detection, avoidance, andrisk reduction techniques;6.5.5 Safely traversing water hazards;6.5.6 Basic swiftwater survival techniques;6.5.7 Basic mountain weather prediction;6.5.8 Traveling in mountainous terrain at night;6.5.9 Traveling in mountainous terrain during advers
40、eweather conditions;6.5.10 Self-rescue techniques.6.6 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate annu-ally the ability to safely lead an ascent of a Class 46route.6.7 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate anunderstanding of the concepts of mission-specific packing forindividual operat
41、ions, and for effective team operations andtravel, in mountainous terrain. Examples of this conceptinclude reducing pack loads, sharing gear, and sharing loadsamong team members.6.8 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate anunderstanding of helicopter operations in mountainous terrain,includ
42、ing:6.8.1 Safety around helicopters on sloping ground;6.8.2 Traveling in helicopters, including passenger entry,equipment stowage, passenger seating, and exit skills;6.8.3 Passenger actions in the event of an emergency;6.8.4 Completion of the Department of Interior, Office ofAviation Management (DOI
43、 OAM), Course A101AviationSafety, or equivalent training, is recommended;6.8.5 Ability to identify a safe and functional helicopterLanding Zone (LZ) in mountainous terrain;6.8.6 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate an-nually that they meet the requirements of the Arduous WorkCapacity fitn
44、ess level defined in the National Wildfire Coordi-nating Group (NWCG) publication PMS 304-2, “Fitness andWork Capacity,” or equivalent.6.9 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate annu-ally that they meet the requirements of a medical fitnessstandard selected by the AHJ.7. Search and Rescue S
45、kills and Abilities Specific toMountainous Terrain7.1 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate theability to perform a thorough risk assessment before engagingin SAR activities in mountainous terrain. This assessment shalltake into consideration applicable and appropriate national,federal, st
46、ate, tribal, provincial, and local safety standards.7.2 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate anunderstanding of how search operations are affected by moun-tainous terrain, including:7.2.1 Lost person behavior;7.2.2 Appropriate navigation tools and techniques;7.2.3 Application of avalanche
47、 search techniques, if ava-lanches occur within the normal response area, or if requiredby the AHJ;7.2.4 Personal Locator Beacon (PLB) detection and loca-tion;7.3 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate thefollowing, including the use of PPE and rescue equipmentspecific to each:7.3.1 Create
48、anchors on steep and vertical terrain, fromrock, snow, and/or ice, capable of supporting a rescue load,using natural and artificial protection (per AHJ requirements);7.3.2 Set bolts in rock for anchors (per AHJ requirements);7.3.3 Safely and effectively move an injured subject in themountain environ
49、ment;6Eng and Van Pelt, eds., p. 564.F3027 1337.3.4 Employ small rescue team tactics for operations inmountainous terrain.8. Keywords8.1 alpine; avalanche; helicopter; ice; mountain; rescue;rock; rope; search; snowASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to rev
