1、Designation: F3071 14Standard Guide forBasic Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use (GPS/GNSS-IW)Endorsement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3071; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills,and abilities required to use a GPS/GNSS2receiver to deter-mine ones position, and
3、collect location data, in the wilder-ness.1.2 This guide applies to the use of a GPS/GNSS receiveron land, on and off roads, and on small bodies of water,wherever GPS/GNSS signals can be received.1.3 This guide applies to the use of a GPS/GNSS receiver indisaster areas where local positioning aids o
4、r references may belost or damaged.1.4 This guide does not apply to the use of a GPS/GNSSreceiver on large bodies of water, at sea, or in the air.1.5 A person who meets the requirements in this guide isonly prepared to operate a GPS/GNSS receiver to determinehis or her location, and collect position
5、 and movementinformation, in a wilderness environment.1.6 This guide does not imply that a GPS/GNSS receiver isa replacement for a map and compass. Use of the latter isstrongly recommended as a backup for GPS/GNSS navigation.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if
6、 any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3F1633 Guide for Techniques in Land SearchF1773
7、Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering,Search and Rescue Equipment and PracticesF2209 Guide for Training of Level I Land Search TeamMember3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 Galileo, na GNSS currently under development bythe European Union.3.1.2 GLONASS (
8、Globalnaya navigatsionnaya sputnik-ovaya sistema), nthe GNSS owned and operated by theRussian Aerospace Defense Forces.3.1.3 GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), nanavigation system utilizing a constellation of dedicated satel-lites to determine a location on or above the earths surface.3.1.4
9、GNSS receiver, na radio receiver that uses satellitesignals to fix its location on or above the earths surface.3.1.5 GPS (Global Positioning System), nthe GNSSowned and operated by the United States government.3.1.6 map datum, nthe set of values used to define aparticular geodetic model used by a GP
10、S/GNSS receiver todetermine its location.3.2 Definitions of terms not defined in this standard can befound in ASTM Guide F1633, Guide F1773, and Guide F2209.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills,and abilities required to use a GPS/GNSS receiver to determinea
11、 position and collect navigational data in the wilderness. A1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Searchand Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,Training and Education.Current edition approved March 1, 2014. Published April 2014.
12、DOI: 10.1520/F3071-14.2This guide refers to GPS/GNSS, rather than GPS, receivers, due to theincreasing number of global satellite navigation systems worldwide. Currently, onlyGPS and GLONASS are in operation and provide global satellite coverage.However, satellite navigation receivers are now manufa
13、ctured which are capable ofutilizing GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo satellites to determine a position on or abovethe earths surface.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informatio
14、n, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1person trained to this guide shall be endorsed for BasicWilderness GPS/GNSS Use (GPS/GNSS-IW Endorsed).4.1.1 Every pers
15、on who is endorsed for Basic WildernessGPS/GNSS Use shall have met the requirements of this guide.4.2 This guide is only the first level of training for wilder-ness GPS/GNSS use, and only establishes the minimumknowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to use aGPS/GNSS receiver to deter
16、mine his or her location andcollect navigational data in a wilderness environment. No otherskills are included or implied.4.3 In addition to meeting the requirements of this guide, aperson endorsed for Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use shallalso be adequately trained to travel and work in a wildernessen
17、vironment.4.4 Depending on the regulations or policies of the AHJ,additional knowledge, skills, or abilities may be requiredbefore a person who meets the requirements in this guide mayuse a GPS/GNSS receiver in a wilderness environment.4.4.1 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from addingaddition
18、al requirements for its own members.4.5 This guide by itself is not a complete training document.It only specifies the knowledge, skills, and abilities required foran individual to be endorsed for Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSSUse. This guide may, however, be used in the development of,or as part of, a c
19、omplete training document or program.4.6 Though this guide establishes only minimum training, itdoes not imply that a person endorsed for Basic WildernessGPS/GNSS Use is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similarterm member of an organization. The AHJ is responsible fordetermining the requirement
20、s and qualifications for member oremployee ratings.4.7 This guide can be used to evaluate a document todetermine if its content includes the necessary topics fortraining a person to be endorsed for Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use. Likewise, the guide can be used to evaluate anexisting training program
21、 to see if it meets the requirements ofthis guide.4.8 The information in the following sections is not pre-sented in any particular order and does not represent a trainingsequence.4.9 Except where a physical skill or ability must be shown,theAHJ is responsible for determining the best way to evaluat
22、ea persons knowledge, skill, and ability. This may be by writtenexam, oral exam, demonstration, or some combination of thethree.5. General Knowledge of a GPS/GNSS Receiver5.1 A person endorsed for Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSSUse shall demonstrate knowledge of the following:5.1.1 How a GPS/GNSS receiver
23、 may be used;5.1.2 In general how a GPS/GNSS receiver determines alocation;5.1.3 Limitations of a GPS/GNSS receiver in thewilderness, including sources of signal errors;5.1.4 The advantages and disadvantages of navigating byGPS/GNSS receiver versus navigating by map and compass;5.1.5 How the users m
24、ovements and location can bedocumented by a GPS/GNSS receiver; and5.1.6 The importance of having the GPS/GNSS datummatch the map datum.6. Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use Skills and Abilities6.1 A person endorsed for Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSSUse shall demonstrate the following with a GPS/GNSS re-ceiver
25、:6.1.1 Basic receiver functions:6.1.1.1 Turn unit on and off;6.1.1.2 Check battery charge;6.1.1.3 Change batteries.6.1.2 Establish receiver settings:6.1.2.1 Set map datum;6.1.2.2 Set units for distance;6.1.2.3 Set location data type, e.g., Lat/Long, UTM, etc.;6.1.2.4 Set units for location coordinat
26、e readout.6.1.3 Prepare unit to collect navigational data:6.1.3.1 Clear track log;6.1.3.2 Turn track log on;6.1.3.3 Turn track log off.6.2 A person endorsed for Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSSUse shall demonstrate in the field the ability to:6.2.1 State his or her location in the format specified by theAH
27、J;6.2.2 Recognize when the GPS/GNSS receiver is not oper-ating properly;6.2.3 Recognize that satellite coverage is adequate forrecording usable data in accordance with policies of the AHJ;6.2.4 Determine the current location;6.2.5 Obtain location information from a GPS/GNSS re-ceiver and correlate i
28、t to a topographic map.7. Keywords7.1 GNSS; GPS; navigation; wildernessF3071 142ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the val
29、idity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your com
30、ments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have
31、 not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple
32、copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F3071 143
