1、Designation: F3072 14Standard Guide forIntermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use (GPS/GNSS-IIW)Endorsement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3072; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills,and abilities required to use a GPS/GNSS2receiver to navigatein the wildern
3、ess.1.2 This guide applies to the use of a GPS/GNSS receiveron land, on and off roads, and on small bodies of water,wherever GPS/GNSS signals can be received.1.3 This guide applies to the use of a GPS/GNSS receiver indisaster areas where local positioning aids or references may belost or damaged.1.4
4、 This guide does not apply to the use of a GPS/GNSSreceiver on large bodies of water, at sea, or in the air.1.5 This guide does not imply that a GPS/GNSS receiver isa replacement for a map and compass. Use of the latter isstrongly recommended as a backup for GPS/GNSS navigation.1.6 This standard doe
5、s not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Stan
6、dards:3F1633 Guide for Techniques in Land SearchF1773 Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering,Search and Rescue Equipment and PracticesF2209 Guide for Training of Level I Land Search TeamMemberF3071 Guide for Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use (GPS/GNSS-IW) Endorsement3. Terminology3.1 Definitio
7、ns of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), nanavigation system utilizing a constellation of dedicated satel-lites to determine a location on or above the earths surface.3.1.2 GPS (Global Positioning System), nthe GNSSowned and operated by the United States
8、 government.3.1.3 navigate, vto plot a location on the earth, determinethe direction and distance to that point, and travel to it; to directa person to a particular location on the earth.3.1.4 route, na series of waypoints which define a virtualpath from one location to one or more other locations.3
9、.1.5 track, na three-dimensional trail defined by loca-tions collected by a GPS/GNSS receiver at specific intervals oftime.3.1.6 waypoint, nan intermediate point on a route or lineof travel.3.2 Definitions of terms not defined in this standard can befound in ASTM Guide F1633, Guide F1773, Guide F220
10、9, andGuide F3071.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills,and abilities required to use a GPS/GNSS receiver to navigatein the wilderness. A person trained to this guide shall beendorsed for Intermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use (GPS/GNSS-IIW Endorsed).4.1.1 Eve
11、ry person who is endorsed for Intermediate Wil-derness GPS/GNSS Use shall have met the requirements of thisguide.4.2 This guide is the second level of training for wildernessGPS/GNSS use, and only establishes the minimum knowledge,skills, and abilities required for a person to navigate with aGPS/GNS
12、S receiver in a wilderness environment. No otherskills are included or implied.4.3 In addition to meeting the requirements of this guide, aperson endorsed for Intermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Searchand Rescue and is the direct r
13、esponsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,Training and Education.Current edition approved March 1, 2014. Published April 2014. DOI: 10.1520/F3072-14.2This guide refers to GPS/GNSS, rather than GPS, receivers, due to theincreasing number of global satellite navigation systems worldwide. Curre
14、ntly, onlyGPS and GLONASS are in operation and provide global satellite coverage.However, satellite navigation receivers are now manufactured which are capable ofutilizing GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo satellites to determine a position on or abovethe earths surface.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit
15、 the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
16、. United States1shall also be adequately trained to travel and work in awilderness environment.4.4 Depending on the regulations or policies of the AHJ,additional knowledge, skills, or abilities may be requiredbefore a person who meets the requirements in this guide mayuse a GPS/GNSS receiver to navi
17、gate in a wilderness environ-ment.4.4.1 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from addingadditional requirements for its own members.4.5 This guide by itself is not a complete training document.It only specifies the knowledge, skills, and abilities required foran individual to be endorsed for Inter
18、mediate WildernessGPS/GNSS Use. This guide may, however, be used in thedevelopment of, or as part of, a complete training document orprogram.4.6 Though this guide establishes only minimum training, itdoes not imply that a person endorsed for IntermediateWilderness GPS/GNSS Use is a “trainee,” “proba
19、tionary,” orother similar term member of an organization. The AHJ isresponsible for determining the requirements and qualificationsfor member or employee ratings.4.7 This guide can be used to evaluate a document todetermine if its content includes the necessary topics fortraining a person to be endo
20、rsed for Intermediate WildernessGPS/GNSS Use. Likewise, the guide can be used to evaluatean existing training program to see if it meets the requirementsof this guide.4.8 The information in the following sections is not pre-sented in any particular order and does not represent a trainingsequence.4.9
21、 Except where a physical skill or ability must be shown,theAHJ is responsible for determining the best way to evaluatea persons knowledge, skill, and ability. This may be by writtenexam, oral exam, demonstration, or some combination of thethree.5. Intermediate Wilderness. GPS/GNSS Navigation Skillsa
22、nd Abilities5.1 As a prerequisite, a person endorsed for IntermediateWilderness GPS/GNSS Use shall meet all requirements ofF3071, Standard Guide for Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use(GPS/GNSS-IW) Endorsement.5.2 A person endorsed for Intermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use shall demonstrate the ability to
23、prepare a GPS/GNSS receiver for use in the field by performing the following:5.2.1 Calibrate the compass (if available);5.2.2 Calibrate the altimeter (if available);5.2.3 If the GPS/GNSS receiver allows, install a map ormaps.5.3 A person endorsed for Intermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use shall demons
24、trate the ability to work with way-points by performing the following:5.3.1 Record a waypoint by:5.3.1.1 Marking current position;5.3.1.2 Entering position coordinates;5.3.1.3 Selecting location on GPS/GNSS receivers map;5.3.1.4 Projecting bearing and distance from a location.5.3.2 Edit a waypoint;5
25、.3.3 Locate a particular waypoint stored in a GPS/GNSSreceiver.5.4 A person endorsed for Intermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use shall demonstrate the ability to work with tracks byperforming the following:5.4.1 Clear a receivers track log;5.4.2 Set up a track on a GPS/GNSS receiver;5.4.3 Record a trac
26、k;5.4.4 Edit a track;5.4.5 Save a track, with clear identification for futurereference;5.4.5.1 Explain how saving a track may reduce the tracksaccuracy;45.4.6 Locate a particular track stored in a GPS/GNSSreceiver.5.5 A person endorsed for Intermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use shall demonstrate the a
27、bility to work with routes byperforming the following:5.5.1 Create a route;5.5.2 Edit a route;5.5.3 If receiver allows, set proximity alarm along a routefor a feature, location, waypoint, etc.;5.5.4 Navigate using a route;5.5.5 Locate a particular route stored in a GPS/GNSSreceiver.5.6 A person endo
28、rsed for Intermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use shall demonstrate the ability to navigate with aGPS/GNSS receiver by performing the following:5.6.1 Determine bearing and distance to a location;5.6.2 Utilize “Go To” function to return to a location;5.6.3 Plot the location of an individual and provide t
29、hatperson with directions to move to another location;5.6.4 Follow GPS/GNSS receiver compass (if available) inthe field;5.6.5 Obtain altitude information (if available) from a GPS/GNSS receiver.6. Keywords6.1 GNSS; GPS; navigation; wilderness4Some GPS receivers limit points in a track to a maximum n
30、umber, therebylosing some track definition.F3072 142ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rig
31、hts, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for
32、 revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing
33、 you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F3072 143
