1、Designation: F3195 16Standard Guide forEstimating the Volume of Oil Consumed in an In-Situ Burn1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3195; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide relates to the use of in-situ burning of oilspills. The focus of the guide is in-situ burning of spills onwater, but the te
3、chniques described in the guide are generallyapplicable to in-situ burning of land spills as well.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to provide information thatwill enable spill responders to estimate the volume of oilconsumed in an in-situ burn.1.3 This guide is one of several related to in-situ burn
4、ing.Other standards cover specifications for fire-containmentbooms and the environmental and operational considerationsfor burning.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4.1 ExceptionTable 1, Table 2 and Fig.
5、 2 provideinch-pound units for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of reg
6、ulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F818 Terminology Relating to Spill Response Booms andBarriersF1788 Guide for In-Situ Burning of Oil Spills on Water:Environmental and Operational Considerations3. Terminology3.1 burn effciencythe percentage of the oil remove
7、d fromthe water by burning. F17883.2 gap ratiosweep width divided by boom length. F8183.3 residuethe material, excluding airborne emissions,remaining after the oil stops burning. F17883.4 sweep width width intercepted by a boom in collectionmode, the projected distance between the ends of a boomdepl
8、oyed in a “U,” “V,” or “J” configuration. (Also known asswath.) F8184. Significance and Use4.1 This guide describes a methodology for estimating theeffectiveness of an in-situ burn. It is intended to aid decision-makers and spill-responders in contingency planning, spillresponse, and training.4.2 Th
9、is guide is not intended as a detailed operationalmanual for the ignition and burning of oil slicks. The guidedoes not cover the feasibility of an in-situ burn, or theevaluation of airborne emissions from a burn.4.3 It is generally accepted that a precise determination ofthe burn effectiveness will
10、not be possible. However, themethodology presented in this guide can be used to provide aconsistent and reasonable estimate.4.4 Burn effectiveness can be reported as total volumeburned or burn efficiency, or both (that is, volume burned ofthat available.)5. Evaluation Approach5.1 For most oils and u
11、nder most conditions, oil slicks burnat a rate of between 2 and 4 mm/min. By accurately observingthe total area of an in-situ burn and the total duration of theburn it is possible to estimate the volume of oil consumed inthe burn.5.2 If it is necessary to estimate the burn effectiveness,defined as t
12、he percentage of oil burned of that available forburning, one must also estimate either: the volume of oilspilled or available for burning; or, the volume of residueremaining after the burn.5.3 In most cases an estimate of the spill volume or of theresidue volume will be much less accurate than that
13、 of thevolume of oil consumed in the burn. If all three componentscan be estimated independently, the calculation procedure canbe refined and the overall accuracy increased.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 onHazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the dire
14、ct responsibility ofSubcommittee F20.15 on In-Situ Burning.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published July 2016. DOI: 10.1520/F3195162For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
15、 information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.4 Potential errors are described in Section 8.6. Estimating Volume of Oil Burned6.1 Estimating the volume
16、of oil burned comprises threevariables: burn rate of the oil, burn duration, and burn area.Note that the area actively engaged in burning must beestimated, not simply the total slick area.6.2 The volume of oil burned is calculated as:Volume burnedm3! 5 burn ratemm/min! 3durationminutes!3burn area m2
17、! 30.001 m/mm (1)6.3 Table 1 lists the burning rate for various oils. Thespecified burn rates represent the accepted median values forgiven oil types; the ranges reflect potential variability.6.4 Discontinuities in slicks can occur due to the presence ofice or debris within the burning area. For dis
18、continuous slicks,burn durations should be recorded for discrete portions of theslick.6.5 For slicks of emulsions, heat from the fire may causeemulsion to break, and may lead to variations in burning rate.In this instance, estimates of the burn area should make note ofthe variations in slick area th
19、at is burning with time.6.6 There are a number of methods that can be used to aidin estimating the slick area, including: the use of photographs,video, or output from remote sensing devices; the use of timedoverflights; and reference to objects of known dimensions inthe vicinity (for example, respon
20、se vessels, containmentboom). Hand-held laser range-finders can also be used toestimate lateral slick dimensions.6.7 Fig. 1 and Table 2 (2)3provide data to estimate oil slickarea in a typical catenary-shaped booming configuration basedon the length of the slick within the boom.For example, for the f
21、ollowing conditions:(1) a boom length of 150 metres;(2) towed in a catenary configuration with a swath width of50 metres (that is, a gap ratio of 0.33);(3) with the boom approximately one-quarter full; and(4) a slick length of 17 metres measured up-current of theapex of the boom;(5) the burn area is
22、 estimated to be approximately 530 m2.In using the graph in Fig. 1, the y-axis dimension, that is, thelength of the slick measured up-current of the apex of the boomshould be used. This will lead to better accuracy in that they-axis can be more precisely estimated in most instances andthe estimate o
23、f burn area is less sensitive to small changes inestimating the y-dimension than the x-dimension (slick width).The data in Fig. 1 and Table 2 have been determined only fora gap ratio of 0.33, which is the commonly accepted gap ratiofor effective oil containment.6.8 Fig. 2 shows the conversion of bur
24、n rate from the unitsof mm/min to a more useful litres per square metres per hour(L/m2/h) and barrels per square feet per hour (bbl/ft2/h). Forexample, diesel or light crude has a burn rate of 3.5 mm/min,which equates to an areal burn rate of 210 L/m2/h. This iscalculated as (3.5 mm/min) x (1 L/m2/m
25、m) x (60 min/h).7. Estimating Burn Efficiency7.1 There are two methods of estimating burn efficiency;both methods require an estimate of the volume of oil burned(see 6.2). The first method requires an estimate of the volumeof oil available for burning; the second requires an estimate ofthe volume of
26、 burn residue. Both methods should be used ifpossible to increase confidence in accuracy.7.2 Estimate of effciency using volume available for burn-ing:7.2.1 In many cases it will be difficult to make an accurateestimate of this due to the difficulties in accurately estimatingthe slick thickness and
27、its variation over the slick.7.2.2 If the source of the spill is known, an estimate may bepossible based on such information as the tank size, pumpingrate, and so on.7.2.3 Burn efficiency when using volume available forburning is calculated as:Burn efficiency %!5Svolume of oil burnedvolume available
28、 for burningD3100 (2)7.3 Estimate of effciency using volume of burn residueIfthe residue is readily recoverable, the volume can be measureddirectly. Otherwise an estimate can be made of the residuevolume by estimating the area and thickness of the residue, thenumber and size of tarballs, etc.7.3.1 B
29、urn efficiency when using volume of burn residue iscalculated as:Burn efficiency%!5 (3)volume of oil burned!volume of oil burned 1 volume of residue!31007.3.2 Alternatively, an estimate of the burn residue can beused in combination with an estimate of the volume of oilavailable for burning.7.3.3 Bur
30、n efficiency when using burn residue and volumeof oil available is calculated as:Burn efficiency%! 5 100 2Svolume of residuevolume available for burningD3100(4)3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.TABLE 1 Burn Rate for Various OilsOil TypeBurn
31、 rate,(mm/min)Burn raterange,(mm/min)Burn RateA(L/m2/h)Burn Rate(gal/ft2/h)Gasoline 4 3.5 to 4 240 5.9Diesel fuel 3.5 3 to 3.7 210 5.2Light crude 3.5 3 to 3.7 210 5.2Medium crude 3.5 3 to 3.7 210 5.2Heavy crude 3 3 to 3.5 180 4.4Weathered crude 2.8 2.8 to 3.5 170 4.1Crude oil amongst denseice2 2 to
32、2.5 120 2.9Light fuel oi1 2.5 2.5 to 3 150 3.7Heavy fuel oil 2.5 2.5 to 2.8 150 3.2Lube oil 2 2 to 2.5 120 2.9Emulsified crude oil 1.5 1 to 2 90 2.2ABurn rate in gal/ft2/h provided for information only.(1)F3195 1628. Discussion of Potential Errors8.1 It is accepted that under field conditions, preci
33、se esti-mates of burn volumes and efficiency may not be possible.Anyassumptions made in the estimation process should be notedfor subsequent verification and investigation of potential er-rors. The following is a general discussion of the main areas forpotential errors in the estimation of burn effi
34、ciency.8.2 Burn RateTable 1 provides average burn rates forvarious petroleum products. These rates are typical averages:where appropriate, ranges of observed burn rates are also listedin Table 1. Note that for most oils the variability within a givenrange is 6 20 % or less. For emulsified crude oil
35、the variabilitymay be much larger.8.3 Burn DurationEstimates of burn duration should bevery accurate relative to other elements of the efficiencyestimate. For example, measured burn durations should beaccurate to within plus-or-minus a few seconds out of tens ofminutes, representing an accuracy of w
36、ithin a few percent orless.8.4 Note that the burn may not be continuous over the entireelapsed time. In such cases, an estimate should be made of themultiple time periods and burn areas to increase the overallaccuracy.8.5 Burn AreaEstimates of the burn area should be accu-rate to within 6 10 % depen
37、ding on the proximity to the burnand the size of the burn area. Curves approximating the areacontained within a partially filled boom, as shown in Fig. 1, canbe used to assist in this regard. Note that Fig. 1 is an idealizedrepresentation of oil contained within a boom and does notaccount for real-w
38、orld issues such as discontinuous slicksFIG. 1 Estimation of Slick Area within a BoomF3195 163within the boom, and lateral variations in the shape of deployedboom due to varying wind and current forces. Accuracy of theestimate will be increased if care is taken to document theduration that various a
39、reas are engaged in the burn, which maychange due to variations in tow speed and crosswind, and maydecrease over time as the oil within the boom is consumed.Finally, note that the key to an accurate estimate is to documentthe area of oil that is actually burning rather than the total slickarea.8.6 V
40、olume of Oil Available for BurningIf the source ofthe spill is known an accurate estimate of oil available forburning may be possible. If the volume must be estimatedbased on slick area and thickness, an accurate estimate may notbe possible due to the difficulties in accurately estimating theslick t
41、hickness.8.7 Residue VolumeIf the residue can be collected subse-quent to the burn, an accurate estimate may be possible. If not,a visual estimate can be made but may have an error range ofgreater than 6 10 %.9. Keywords9.1 burning effectiveness; in-situ burning; oil spill controlsystems; oil spill
42、responseTABLE 2 Estimation of Slick Area Within a BoomDimensions for an Oil-filled Catenary BoomMetric UnitsBoom size 150m50mopening 200m66mopeningFill Length(m)width(m)area(m2)Length(m)width(m)area(m2)34 three quarters 51 48 2020 68 64 359058 five eighths 43 46 1610 57 61 286012 one half 34 44 1220
43、 45 59 217038 three eighths 26 41 860 35 55 153014 one quarter 17 38 530 23 51 94018 one eighth 9 32 220 12 43 390U.S. Customary UnitsBoom size 500 ft 166 ft opening 700 ft 233 ft openingFill Length(ft)width(ft)area(square ft)Length(ft)width(ft)area(square ft)34 three quarters 165 156 21000 231 218
44、4120058 five eighths 137.5 149 16800 193 209 3290012 one half 110 142 12700 154 199 2490038 three eighths 82.5 132 9000 116 185 1760014 one quarter 55 122 5500 77 171 1080018 one eighth 27.5 102 2300 39 143 4500FIG. 2 Conversion of Burn RateF3195 164REFERENCES(1) Fingas, M. “In-situ burning”, Oil Sp
45、ill Science and Technology,M.Fingas, Ed., Gulf Publishing, New York, 2011, pp. 737903.(2) Fingas, M. “Calculating the Amount of Oil Burned in a Boom:Caternary Calculations. In Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Arcticand Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, EnvironmentCanada, Ottawa, Ontario,
46、Canada, 2014pp.73753.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringemen
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