1、Designation: G 132 96 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Method forPin Abrasion Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 132; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure fordetermining the wear resistance of a material when relativemotion is caused between an abrasive
3、 cloth, paper, or plasticfilm and a contacting pin of the test material. The principalfactors and conditions requiring attention when using this typeof apparatus to measure wear are discussed.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for
4、 informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to us
5、e.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 128/A 128M Specification for Steel Castings, AusteniticManganeseA 514/A 514M Specification for High-Yield-Strength,Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable forWeldingE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolera
6、ble Error, the Average for aCharacteristic of a Lot or ProcessE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF 732 Test Method for Wear Testing of Polymeric MaterialsUsed in To
7、tal Joint ProsthesesG40 Terminology Relating to Wear and ErosionG99 Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-DiskApparatus3. Terminology3.1 Refer to Terminology G40 for definitions of termsrelated to this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 For the pin abrasion test method, two pin specimens
8、arerequired. One is of the test material. The other is of a referencematerial. Each pin, in turn, is positioned perpendicular to theabrasive surface, which usually is mounted on, or supported by,a flat circular disk, another flat surface, or the cylindricalsurface of a drum. The test machine permits
9、 relative motionbetween the abrasive surface and the pin surface. The weartrack of a pin describes a continuous, non-overlapping pathsuch as a spiral, helix, or saw-tooth curve, preferably with adisplacement between successive passes sufficient to allow theother pin to trace a parallel track in the
10、intervening space. Fig.1 shows some possible arrangements. The pin specimen ispressed against the abrasive surface with a specified loading bymeans of dead weights or another suitable loading system.Rotation of the pin about its axis during testing is optional.Note, however, that results with and wi
11、thout pin rotation orwith different loading systems may differ.4.2 The amount of wear is determined by weighing bothspecimens before and after testing. Mass loss values should beconverted to volume losses using the best available values ofspecimen densities. The use of length changes to indicate the
12、amount of wear is not recommended for the purposes of thistest method, and no procedure for processing such data isincluded in this test method.4.3 Wear results are reported as a volume loss and as thewear volume normalized with respect to the applied normalload, to the wear path length, and to the
13、mean wear of thereference specimen on the same type of abrasive.The referencespecimen wear is included in the calculation in order to correctfor abrasivity variations (see 4.5 and 10.2).4.4 Various sizes and types of abrasive have been used.These include silicon carbide, alumina, emery, garnet, flin
14、t, orother silicas, and synthetic compounds, but wear resultsnormally will differ with different types of abrasive (see TableX3.1). The abrasive is bonded to a cloth, paper, or plastic film1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wearand Erosion and is the direct responsi
15、bility of Subcommittee G02.30 on AbrasiveWear.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as G 13296(2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
16、serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(usually polyester) backing that is mounted on or s
17、upported bya smooth, firm surface (for example, disk, other flat, orcylinder). For purposes of this test method, a garnet is thepreferred abrasive and has given good correlations with manytypes of abrasive services (1).3The field experience hasincluded a wide variety of abrasive minerals, ranging fr
18、omcoarse rock to fine ore, rounded or crushed, with high or lightloading.4.5 In this test method, the primary role of the referencematerial is to correct for variations in the abrasivity of theabrasive cloth or paper. Because of abrasivity variability, thereference material wear in a particular test
19、 may deviate fromthe overall mean for tests using the same abrasive. Thereference materials function here differs from that in othertests where a direct comparison between the test material andreference material is used as a basis for ranking the abrasionresistances of materials or where the wear of
20、 a referencematerial is used as the basis for ranking the abrasivities ofabrasive materials.5. Significance and Use5.1 The amount of wear in any system will, in general,depend upon a number of system factors such as the appliedload, machine characteristics, sliding speed, sliding distance,the enviro
21、nment, and material properties. The primary value ofthis wear test method lies in predicting the relative ranking ofmaterials. This test method imposes conditions that causemeasurable mass losses and it is intended to rank materials forapplications in which moderate to severe abrasion occurs. Testma
22、terials should be reasonably resistant to such abrasion. Sincethis abrasion test does not attempt to duplicate all of theconditions that may be experienced in service (for example,abrasive particle size, shape, hardness, speed, load, and pres-ence of a corrosive environment), there is no assurance t
23、hat this3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.FIG. 1 Four Configurations of Pin Abrasion Testing MachinesG 132 96 (2007)2test method will predict the wear rate of a given material underconditions differing from those in this test method.6. Appa
24、ratus6.1 General DescriptionRefer to Fig. 1 where schematicdrawings of typical pin-on-disk, pin-on-table, pin-on-belt, andpin-on-drum wear testing systems are shown.4In each of thesystems, the end of a pin, which may or may not be rotatingabout its axis, is pressed against an abrasive surface withap
25、plication of a prescribed normal force while relative motionoccurs between the pin and the abrasive surface. By movingeither the abrasive surface or the pin, or both, the pinprogressively moves over unused abrasive for a prescribedwear track length.NOTE 1Other descriptions of contemporary pin-on-dis
26、k, pin-on-table,and pin-on-drum systems may be found in Practice F 732, Test MethodG99, and Ref (2).6.1.1 The wear path is normally a spiral on disks, acombination of linear segments on other flats, an oval helix onbelts, and a cylindrical helix on drums. Successive wear trackpasses of the test pin
27、should be spaced far enough apart so thatthe reference pin can be tested on unused abrasive in a pathadjacent and parallel to that of the test pin. If, as in somemachines, insufficient unused abrasive space is left between thetracks, the wear track of the reference pin should be generatedin two equa
28、l parts located immediately before and after the testpin track (see 9.10).6.2 Machine RigidityThe testing machine must be suffi-ciently rigid and stable to keep vibrations from affecting weartest results. The load capacities of bearings should be largerelative to the loads carried. The surface that
29、supports theabrasive should be rigid. Additional guidance concerningrigidity requirements for wear testing may be found in Ref (3).6.3 Drive SystemAdrive system capable of maintaining aconstant steady-state speed of the abrasive relative to the pin isneeded. For the pin-on-disk machine, the rotation
30、al speed mustvary inversely with the radial distance of the pin from thedisks center in order for the linear speed to be constant. Forthe pin-on-table machine, there inevitably must be a point ofrest and transient deceleration and acceleration periods at eachend of each stroke, and the translational
31、 speed can be constantonly between the acceleration and deceleration periods. Thetransient periods should be kept as short as possible. If the pinis rotated, its rotational speed should be constant.6.4 Cycle CounterThe test machine shall be equippedwith a device that will count and record the number
32、 ofrevolutions in the case of a disk, drum, or belt, or the numberof strokes or cycles in the case of a nonrotating flat.This deviceshould also have the capability to shut off the machine after apreselected number of revolutions, strokes, or cycles.6.5 Pin Specimen HolderA chuck, collet, or other de
33、viceis required to securely hold the pin. The holder must movefreely, with negligible friction, in the direction of its longitu-dinal axis (that is, perpendicular to the abrasive surface), evenif rotated. The pin must be restrained from lateral deflectiondue to pin drag. A means of applying a load t
34、o the pin,preferably by dead weights, shall be provided.6.6 Wear Measuring SystemThe balance used to measurethe mass loss of specimens shall have a sensitivity of 0.0001 gor better.7. Test Specimens, Abrasive, and Sample Preparation7.1 MaterialsThe test method may be applied to a varietyof wear-resi
35、stant materials. The only requirement is thatspecimens having suitable dimensions can be prepared and thatthey will withstand the stresses imposed during the test withoutfailure or excessive flexure.This test method is not intended fora material that would be unsuitable for a wear-resistantapplicati
36、on.7.1.1 Experience during the development of this test methodhas shown that the use of SpecificationA 514/A 514M, Type Bsteel of Hardness 269 HB, as the reference material has veryadequately corrected for abrasivity variations. It is thereforespecifically recommended for that purpose. If another re
37、fer-ence material is used, it must be fully described and charac-terized in the report of results.7.2 Test SpecimensPin specimens used with a pin-on-drum machine during the development of this test method werecircular cylinders, 6.35 mm in diameter and approximately 3cm long. More generally, typical
38、 pin diameters range from 2 to10 mm. Specimens of square cross section also have been used.Pin ends are conformed to the abrasive surface by wearing inas part of the test procedure (see 9.3), so the starting shape isnot critical. However, flat ends are most common and, in mostcases, require shorter
39、times and path lengths for wearing in.7.2.1 Test specimens shall be free from scale which couldflake off and interfere with the specimen-abrasive contact.Porosity, unless it is an inherent characteristic of the materialbeing tested, may adversely affect test results and should beavoided. The shank o
40、f a specimen that must be gripped shouldbe smooth and regularly shaped.Aground surface roughness of1 m (40 in.) Raor less is usually adequate.7.3 AbrasiveThe abrasive recommended is a 105-m(150-grit) garnet, bonded to cloth, paper, or plastic (forexample, polyester film) with animal glue or syntheti
41、c resin, orboth. The abrasive coverage is 50 to 70 % of the surface area,uniformly distributed. Normally, the abrasive cloth, paper, orfilm is obtained from a commercial producer.5If other particlesizes of the same or another mineral are used, they should bein the range from 65 to 175 m (220 to 80 g
42、rit).7.4 AbrasivityThe abrasivity of a particular abrasivecloth, paper, or film normally is not uniform over its surfacenor is the mean abrasivity of different pieces of the same type4Many lathes should be adaptable for pin-on-drum testing. The sole source ofsupply of the pin-on-disk machine known t
43、o the committee at this time is FalexCorp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554. If you are aware of alternativesuppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,1which
44、 you may attend.5Acceptable cloths, papers, and films coated with garnet or other minerals maybe obtained from authorized distributors of the 3M Co. Inquiries may be directed tothe General Offices, 3M Center, St. Paul, MN 55102. The sole source of supply ofthe materials known to the committee at thi
45、s time is 3M Company. If you are awareof alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,1which you may attend.G 132 96 (2007)3of material necessarily the same. Variations
46、in abrasivity rangeup to 620 % from the overall mean. Corrections for abrasivityvariations are made by normalizing the results of individualtests to the mean wear of the reference material over many tests(see 10.2).8. Test Parameters8.1 LoadThe magnitude of the normal force, in newtons,at the wearin
47、g contact. Based on the nominal contact area ofthe specimen, the nominal contact pressure should be withinthe range from 1 to 2.5 MPa. It has been shown (1) that, withinthis range, the wear is essentially proportional to the loading.Anominal contact pressure of about 2 MPa allows minimal useof abras
48、ive by limiting the requisite path length without a highrisk of tearing the backing material.8.2 Translational SpeedThe mean relative sliding speed(track length/sliding time) between the contacting surfaces. Itshould be within the range from 1 to 10 cm/s.8.3 Rotational SpeedThe rate at which pins ar
49、e rotated.Unless it was zero it has been typically in the range from 1.57to 5.24 rad/s (15 to 50 r/min).8.4 Track LengthThe distance slid, in metres.8.5 EnvironmentRoom air at a nominal temperature of 20to 25C. The relative humidity and any uncommon environ-mental exposure should be reported.8.6 Table 1 gives some typical values of test parameters.9. Procedure9.1 Immediately prior to testing, and prior to weighing,thoroughly clean and dry the specimens. Care must be taken toremove all dirt and foreign matter from the specimens. Usenon-chlorinated, non-film-for
