1、Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing1INTRODUCTIONThis manual is intended to supplement, not in any way to supersede, the variousASTM test methodsfor sampling and testing aggregate and freshly mixed and hardened portland-cement concrete. Themanual was prepared by Committee C09 on Concrete and Con
2、creteAggregates and has been acceptedby the Society for publication as information only. The manual is not a part of the ASTM methods.Comments and suggestions on the manual will be welcomed by Committee C09.Many specifications for aggregates and concrete are based on the results of ASTM methods ofte
3、sting and therefore strict adherence to the requirements of the test methods is important. Improperuse of test procedures can result in inaccurate data and mistaken conclusions about aggregate andconcrete quality.Accordingly, this manual directs attention to many of the factors that might affect the
4、results of the tests.This manual does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of these standards to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5、The subjects covered in the manual appear in the following order:SectionsAvailability of Standards 1Qualification of Personnel and Laboratory Evaluation 2Samples 3Terminology 4Testing Apparatus 5Safety Precautions 6Inspection of Laboratory 7Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate (C 29/C 29M) 8Making and
6、 Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field(C 31)9Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens(C 39)10Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete(C 42)11Surface Moisture in Fine Aggregate (C 70) 12Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam withThird-Point Loading
7、 (C 78)13Materials Finer than 75 m (No. 200) Sieve in MineralAggregates by Washing (C 117)14Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate (C 127) 15Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate (C 128) 16Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates (C 136) 17Unit Weight, Yield, and Air Con
8、tent (Gravimetric) of Con-crete (C 138)18Slump of Hydraulic Cement Concrete (C 143) 19Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar andConcrete (C 157)20Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete (C 172) 21Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the VolumetricMethod (C 173)22Making and Curing Concrete Tes
9、t Specimens in the Labora-tory (C 192)23Fundamental Transverse, Longitudinal, and Torsional Fre-quencies of Concrete Specimens (C 215)24Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the PressureMethod (C 231)251This manual is under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggre
10、gates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.97 onManual of Testing.Published as information, October 1965; revised 1967, 1969, 1977, 1978, 1983, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,2006, and 2007.1Bleeding of Concrete (C 232) 26Flexural S
11、trength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam withCenter-Point Loading) (C 293)27Time of Setting of Concrete Mixtures by Penetration Resis-tance (C 403)28Molds for Forming Concrete Test Cylinders Vertically (C 470) 29Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens(C 496)30Moist Cabinets, Moist
12、 Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Usedin the Testing of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes (C 511)31Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying(C 566)32Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens (C 617) 33Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing (C 666) 34Making, Accelerated Curing,
13、and Testing Concrete Compres-sion Test Specimens (C 684)35Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size (C 702) 36Measuring Early Age Compressive Strength and ProjectingLater Age Strength (C 918)37Use of Unbonded Caps in Determination of CompressiveStrength of Hardened Concrete Cylinders (C 1231)38S
14、ampling Aggregates (D 75) 39Force Verification of Testing Machines (E 4) 401. AVAILABILITY OF STANDARDSCopies of the current Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol04.02Concrete and Mineral Aggregates, should be readilyavailable to all laboratory workers and inspectors in the field.Vol 04.01Cement; Lime;
15、Gypsum contains the Manual onCement Testing which includes valuable information on pro-cedures and apparatus. New editions of ASTM standardsshould be reviewed promptly for changes so that procedurescan be kept current.11.1 Construction specifications may refer to ASTM stan-dards either with or witho
16、ut the year designation. If the yeardesignation is given, the standard bearing that designationshould be used. If the year designation is not given, normallythe standard in effect at the time the bidding documents areissued is the one which is used unless the job specificationsstate otherwise. Somet
17、imes the job specifications might statethat the standard in effect at the time bids are received, or thecontract is awarded, or the current standard should be used. Jobspecifications should be checked to determine that the correctstandard is used, should there be differences. Unfortunately,sometimes
18、 job specifications refer to ASTM standards that areobsolete and several years out of date. It is possible in somesuch cases that the specification writer might wish to use anolder standard because of some provision it contains that doesnot appear in later editions.2. QUALIFICATION OF PERSONNELANDLA
19、BORATORY EVALUATIONThere is increasing emphasis and a requirement in manycases by building codes, political jurisdictions and job speci-fications that personnel, laboratories, and plants which test,inspect, or produce materials or do construction work beapproved, registered, licensed, inspected, cer
20、tified, or accred-ited in various ways.2.1 ASTM Practice E 329, for Use in the Evaluation ofTesting and Inspection Agencies as Used in Construction,2andPractice C 1077, for Testing Concrete and Concrete Aggregatefor Use in Construction and Criteria for Laboratory Evalua-tion,2identify and define the
21、 duties, responsibilities and re-quirements for personnel and equipment used in the testing andinspection of concrete and related materials.2.2 The Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory(CCRL),3under the sponsorship of ASTM Committees C01and C09, and administered by ASTM and National Institute ofS
22、tandards and Technology (NIST), formerly the NationalBureau of Standards, has a laboratory inspection service (fordetails of this service, see Section 7) for concrete and concreteaggregates. CCRL also has a proficiency sample program forconcrete, cement and pozzolans. Identical samples of materialar
23、e issued to participating laboratories who test the materialand report the results to CCRL. These results are statisticallyanalyzed and a final report issued to the participating labora-tories including a rating of their results as compared to all otherlaboratories returning data.Asimilar reference
24、sample programexists for aggregates. This program, conducted by an organi-zation jointly administered by the Highway Subcommittee onmaterials of the American Association of State Highway andTransportation Officials (AASHTO) and NIST, is called theAASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory (AMRL).42.3 The
25、 Standard Practice for Laboratories Testing Concreteand Concrete Aggregates for Use in Construction and Criteriafor Laboratory Evaluation (C1077) requires the use of an2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
26、 Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3CCRL, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop8618, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8618, www.ccrl.us.4AMRL, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dri
27、ve,Stop 8619, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8619, .Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing2evaluation authority. A number of evaluation authorities forconcrete testing laboratories exist. To assist the laboratory inlocating an evaluation authority the following list of organiza-tions is provided. The list
28、 is merely a collection of organiza-tions willing to provide this service and is not an endorsementof any particular organization. Others not listed may be able toprovide this service. The Cement and Concrete ReferenceLaboratory (CCRL)3; the AASHTO Accreditation Program(AAP)4, the National Voluntary
29、 Accreditation Program (NV-LAP),5the Construction Materials Engineering Council(CMEC),6the American Association for Laboratory Accredi-tation (A2LA),7and WACEL, an Association of EngineeringLaboratories, Inspection Agencies and Building Official(WACEL)8, all offer the evaluation authority service fo
30、rconcrete and concrete aggregate testing laboratories mentionedin the practice.2.4 A number of technician certification programs alsoexist. These include the following: National Institute forCertification in EngineeringTechnologies (NICET),9AmericanConcrete Institute (ACI),10Portland Cement Associat
31、ion(PCA),11and the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute(PCI).122.5 Other programs include an inspection and certificationprogram of concrete plants and trucks by National ReadyMixed Concrete Association (NRMCA),13an accreditationprogram for Fabricator Inspection Program for ReinforcedConcrete and
32、for IBC Special Inspection Agencies offered byInternational Accreditation Service (IAS)14and a plant certifi-cation program for manufacturers of precast/prestressed con-crete offered by PCI.3. SAMPLESAlthough this manual is primarily concerned with testing,some brief remarks about sampling are neces
33、sary. Sampling isdiscussed in more detail in later Sections and in ASTM STP 169B, Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete andConcrete Making Materials. No amount of testing will yieldcorrect answers if the samples are carelessly taken and do notrepresent the material sampled. It is better n
34、ot to test a materialimproperly sampled because erroneous conclusions can bedrawn from the test results. In any sampling system there areperhaps four stages, each of which requires careful attentionand planning: (1) selection of a sampling plan which willprovide the greatest amount of information at
35、 the least cost; (2)physical selection or gathering of samples in accordance withpredetermined procedures for the preselected locations; (3)testing; and (4) analysis of the data obtained. The first and lastof these four items are those that are most often neglected.Practice D 75, Sampling Aggregates
36、,2and Practice C 172,Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete,2provide informationneeded to obtain the samples, but do not discuss the problem ofdeveloping a specific sampling plan. Strictly speaking, there isno such thing as a representative sample. All materials aresubject to periodic variation. Different
37、shipments, lots, truckloads, car loads, or batches from a given supply will vary tosome extent. In addition, the material comprising any of thespecific units will seldom be precisely homogeneous. How-ever, a successful sampling plan can establish the averagecharacteristic of the material and determi
38、ne the nature andextent of variability. As data become available it is possible todetect trends and decide if changes in production procedures orprocesses are required to deliver materials of acceptable qualitywith reasonably low percentages of defective or substandardmaterial. Prior to starting of
39、construction, a statistical orprobability sampling plan should be developed and instructionsfurnished to inspectors. Since the amount and nature of thevariations may be unknown, it will be necessary to takesamples more frequently at the start. Later, after patterns arerevealed, it should be possible
40、 to decrease sampling frequencyunless or until excessive variation develops. Inspectors musttake samples in the manner, at the time, and from the locationspecified in the sampling plan if conclusions based on the dataare to be of value. The purpose of statistical sampling is toobtain results typical
41、 of the lot. Samples should not be biasedby procedures that intentionally select either the best or poorestmaterials. Representative samples upon which the acceptanceor rejection of a material is based should be taken by thepurchasers authorized agent.3.1 The fundamentals of probability sampling hav
42、e been setforth by ASTM Committee E11. The coal and ore industries,who have many problems similar to those found in theaggregate field, have developed practical approaches that canbe adapted to the concrete field. The following references areuseful:(1) ASTM Practice E 105, for Probability Sampling o
43、fMaterials2(2) ASTM Practice E 122, for Choice of Sample Size toEstimate the Average Quality of a Lot or Process2(3) ASTM Practice E 141, for Acceptance of EvidenceBased on the Results of Probability Sampling2(4) Bicking, C. A.“ Bibliography on Sampling of RawMaterials and Products in Bulk,” Technic
44、al Association of thePulp and Paper Industry, Vol 47, No. 5, May 1964(5) Symposium on Bulk Sampling, ASTM STP 242, Am.Soc. Testing Mats., ASTTA, 1958(6) Symposium on Coal Sampling, ASTM STP 162, Am.Soc. Testing Mats., ASTTA, March 1955(7) Symposium on Bulk Sampling, ASTM STP 114, Am.Soc. Testing Mat
45、s., ASTTA, 1951(8) Tanner, L., and Deming, E.,“ Some Problems in theSampling of Bulk Material,” Proceedings, Am. Soc. TestingMats., ASTEA, Vol 49, 1949, pp. 118111885NVLAP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive,Stop 2140, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-2140, www.nist.gov/nvlap.6CM
46、EC, 850 Courtland St., Suite B1, Orlando FL 32804, www.cmec.org.7A2LA, 5301 Buckeystown Pike Suite 350, Frederick, MD 21704,www.a2la.org.8WACEL, 7900 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 305, Bethesda, MD 20814,www.wacel.org.9NICET, 1420 King Street, Alexandria, VA, www.nicet.org.10ACI, PO Box 9094, Farmington H
47、ills, MI 48333-9094, www.aci-int.org.11PCA, 5420 Old Orchard Road, Skokie, IL 60077, www.cement.org.12PCI, 175 W. Jackson Blvd. #500, Chicago, IL 60604, www.pci.org.13NRMCA, 900 Spring Street, Silver Spring, MD 20910, www.nrmca.org.14IAS, 5360 Workman Mill Road, Whittier, CA 90601, www.iasonline.org
48、.Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing3(9) Symposium on Usefulness and Limitations ofSamples,” Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., ASTEA, Vol48, 1948, pp. 857895(10) Shook, J. F., “Significance of Test Results Obtainedfrom Random Samples, ASTM STP 362, 1964, p. 13(11) Duncan, A. J., “An Introduc
49、tion to Acceptance Sam-pling Plans,” ASTM Standardization News, Vol 3, No. 9,September 1975, p. 10(12) Duncan, A. J., “What Sampling Plan to Use,” ASTMStandardization News, Vol 3, No. 9, Sept., 1975, pp. 1519(13) Hahn, G. J. and Schilling, E. G., “An Introduction tothe MIL-STD-105D Acceptance Sampling Scheme,” ASTMStandardization News, Vol 3, No. 9, Sept., 1975, pp. 2030(14) Abdun-Nur, E. A., “Significance of Tests and Proper-ties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials,” ASTM STP169B, pp. 523Additional information is given in ASTM methods andspecifications, and in pub
