1、Guide forThermal-SprayOperatorQualificationAWS C2.16/C2.16M:2002An American National Standard550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126AWS C2.16/C2.16M:2002An American National StandardApproved byAmerican National Standards InstituteJuly 23, 2002Guide for Thermal-SprayOperator QualificationSupersed
2、es ANSI/AWS C2.16-92Prepared byAWS C2 Committee on Thermal SprayingUnder the Direction ofAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved byAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis guide contains recommendations for thermal-spray operator qualification based on knowledge and skill testing.Twelve individual ther
3、mal-spray operator qualification tests (TSOQT) are included for engineering and corrosion controlapplications: one each for job knowledge, high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying and flame spray-fusing, two forarc spraying, and three each for flame spraying and air-plasma spraying.Key WordsThermal
4、-spray operator qualification, knowledge test, skill test, flame spraying, spray and fusing, arc spraying, plasma spraying,HVOF sprayingStatement on Use of AWS American National StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the America
5、nWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, docu-ments that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or
6、 the regulations of other governmental bodies, theirprovisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be ap-proved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regula-tions. In al
7、l cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWSstandards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standardmust be by agreement between the contracting parties.International Standar
8、d Book Number: 0-87171-702-6American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2002 by American Welding Society. All rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaAWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether
9、 volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the processand establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, orverify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgme
10、nts contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe-cial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on thisstandard. AWS also
11、makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or onbehalf of any person or entity. Nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed
12、 by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the adviceof a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.This standard may be superseded by the iss
13、uance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent. AWS disclaims liability for the infringementof any patent resulting from the use or reliance on this standard.Finally, AWS does not monitor, police
14、, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly (errata). Such errata, when discovered, are shown on theAmerican Welding Society web page (www.aws.org) under “Technical” in the Departments column.Official i
15、nterpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in writing,to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL33126 (see Annex A). With regard to technical inquiries made concerni
16、ng AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standardsmay be rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them.These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or inter-preta
17、tions of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS C2 Committee on Thermal Spraying. It must be reviewedevery five years, and if not revised, it must be either reappro
18、ved or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions,or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed toAWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS C2 Committee on Thermal Sprayingand the autho
19、r of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited toattend all meetings of the AWS C2 Committee on Thermal Spraying to express their comments verbally. Procedures forappeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules o
20、f Operation of the TechnicalActivities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeuneRoad, Miami, FL 33126.Photocopy RightsAuthorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only, or the internal, personal, ored
21、ucational classroom use only of specific clients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided that theappropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 978-750-8400;online: http:/.iiiPersonnelAWS C2 Committee on Thermal SprayingE. F.
22、 Rybicki, Chair The University of TulsaT. Call, 1st Vice Chair Power Spray, IncorporatedM. Bhusari, 2nd Vice Chair Praxair Surface TechnologiesE. F. Mitchell, Secretary American Welding SocietyC. C. Berndt State University of New York at Stony BrookM. Allan Brookhaven National LabR. S. Brunhouse, Jr
23、. A personal protection; fire hazards;dust explosions; electrical hazard; flash backs; leak de-tection; ultraviolet radiation; and noise. Annex A sum-marizes safety information for thermal spraying.1.3 Units of Measure and Rounding-Off Procedures.This specification makes use of both U.S. CustomaryUn
24、its and the International System of Units SI. Themeasurements are not exact equivalents; therefore eachsystem must be used independently of the other withoutcombining in any way. The specification with the desig-nation C2.16 uses U.S. Customary Units. The specifica-tion C2.16M uses SI Units. The lat
25、ter are shown inappropriate columns in tables or within brackets whenused in the text.For the purposes of determining conformance withthis specification, an observed or calculated value shallbe rounded to the nearest unit in the last right-hand placeof figures used in expressing the limiting values
26、in accor-dance with the rounding-off method given in ASTME29, Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits inTest Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications.1.4 Referenced DocumentsThe following standards contain provisions which,through reference in this text, constitute provisions ofthis
27、AWS standard. For dated references, subsequentamendments to, or revisions of, any of these publicationsdo not apply. However, parties to agreements based onthis AWS standard are encouraged to investigate the pos-sibility of applying the most recent editions of the docu-ments shown below. For undated
28、 references, the latestedition of the standard referred to applies.(1) Thermal Spraying, Chapter 28, AWS WeldingHandbook, Vol. 2, 1991.1(2) AWS Thermal Spraying, Practice, Theory, andApplications, 1985.(3) AWS C2.18, Guide for the Protection of Steel withThermal Sprayed Coatings of Aluminum and Zinc
29、 andTheir Alloys and Composites.(4) AWS C2.20-0X, Specification for Zinc Thermal-Spray Coatings for Reinforced Concrete, in preparation.1. Available from Global Engineering, 15 Inverness Way East,Englewood, CO 80112-5776.Guide for Thermal-SprayOperator QualificationAWS C2.16/C2.16M:20022(5) AWS C2.2
30、3-0X/SSPC CS 23.00A-0X/NACE TG146-0X, Specification for the Application of ThermalSpray Coatings (Metallizing) of Aluminum, Zinc, andTheir Alloys and Composites for the Corrosion Protec-tion of Steel, in preparation.(6) AWS C2.25, Specification for Alloy Wires, CoredWires, and Ceramic Rods for Therm
31、al Spraying.(7) ASTM C 633, Standard Test Method for Adhesionor Cohesive Strength of Flame-Sprayed Coatings.2(8) ASTM D 4417, Test Method for Field Measure-ment of Surface Profile of Blast Cleaned Steel.(9) ASTM D 4541, Test Method for Pull-Off Strengthof Coating Using Portable Adhesion Testers.(10)
32、 SSPC-Guide to Vis 1-89, Visual Standard forAbrasive Blast Cleaned Steel.3(11) SSPC-SP 5, White Metal Blast Cleaning.(12) SSPC-SP 10, Near-White Blast Cleaning.(13) MIL-STD-1687, Thermal-Spray Processes forNaval Ship Machinery Applications.4(14) MIL-STD-2138, Metal Sprayed Coatings for Cor-rosion Pr
33、otection Aboard Naval Ships (Metric).5(15) NACE No. 1, White Metal Blast Cleaning6(16) NACE No. 2, Near-White Blast Cleaning(17) Equipment manufactures instructions (technicalmanual and bulletins) including spray parameters forselected feedstock.(18) Abrasive blasting media and feedstock MaterialSaf
34、ety Data Sheets.(19) ISO 14917, Thermal SprayingTerminology,Classification.7(20) ISO 14918, Thermal SprayingApproval Testingof Thermal Sprayers.(21) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Al-lied Processes.72. Abbreviations and DefinitionsThe abbreviations and definitions used in this guideare
35、defined in AWS 3.0:2001, Standard Welding Termsand Definitions, and as follows:2. Available from American Society of Testing and Materials,100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.3. Available from Society of Protective Coatings, 40 24thStreet, Pittsburgh, PA 15222-4643.4. Available f
36、rom the DoD Publications and Forms Center,5801 Taber Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19120.5. Available from Naval Publication and Forms Center, 5801Taber Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19120.6. Available from NACE International, 1440 S. Creek Drive,Houston, TX 77084-4906.7. ISO standards can be obtained from A
37、merican National Stan-dards Institute, 11 W. 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036-9002.arc spraying (ASP). A thermal-spray process using anarc between two consumable electrodes of surfacingmaterials as a heat source and a compressed gas toatomize and propel the surfacing material to thesubstrate.automati
38、c thermal spraying. Thermal spraying withequipment that requires only occasional or no obser-vation of the thermal spraying, and no manual adjust-ment of the equipment controls (see Table 2).flame spraying (FLSP). The thermal spray process inwhich an oxyfuel gas flame is the source of heat formeltin
39、g the surfacing material. Compressed gas mayor may not be used for atomizing and propelling thesurfacing material to the substrate.high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF). A thermal sprayingprocess using a high pressure, oxyfuel mixture to heatand propel a powdered surfacing material to a substrate.manual
40、thermal spraying. Where the spraying gun ismanipulated by hand (see Table 2).mechanized thermal spraying. Thermal spraying withequipment that requires manual adjustment of theequipment controls in response to visual observationof the thermal spraying. Where some aspects of theprocess are mechanized,
41、 with the gun not manipulatedby hand (see Table 2).plasma spraying (PSP). The thermal-spray process inwhich a non-transferred arc is used to create an arcplasma for melting and propelling the surfacing mate-rial to the substrate.All of the terms listed below are used in various partsof this document
42、 and are required to correctly interpretthis document.Employer. The term is used collectively to mean con-tractor, fabricator, or manufacturer.process instruction. A document detailing the equip-ment and procedures to perform an industrial opera-tion to include safety, operator qualifications,materi
43、als, equipment, proceduralized method, qualitycontrol, and records.qualified thermal-spray coating contractor (QTSCC).Thermal-spray coating contractor certified or experi-enced to apply thermal-spray coatings in accordancewith specific application standards.specific acceptance criteria. A document p
44、roviding indetail the criteria that can test an applicant to beapproved for a particular technique or applicationarea.AWS C2.16/C2.16M:20023test. A series of operations that includes knowledge andskill for applying a thermal-spray coating on a ther-mal-spray test piece and subsequent non-destructive
45、,or destructive testing, or both, and reporting theresults.test piece. The thermal-spray workpiece used for theTSOQT.test specimen. A portion cut from the test piece in orderto perform a specified analytical test.Test Supervisor. A person qualified to examine andqualify thermal-spray operator applic
46、ants in accor-dance with this guide.Thermal-Spray Operator Qualification Test (TSOQT).The knowledge or skill tests in this guide used to eval-uate the qualification of an applicant to be designatedas a thermal-spray operator qualified to AWS-C2.16/C2.16M:2002, Classification (insert appropri-ate cla
47、ssification designation (from Table 1) and spraymethod (from Table 2).thermal-spray equipment operator. A person qualifiedto operate mechanized or automatic thermal-sprayequipment. A thermal-spray equipment operatorshould be knowledgeable and skilled in the operationof the mechanized or automatic eq
48、uipment assigned.He or she is not required to meet the thermal-sprayoperator qualification requirements of this guide.thermal-spray operator. A person who performs ther-mal spraying with a manual or mechanized system perTable 2.TSC. Thermal-spray coating.TSCC. Thermal-spray coating contractor.TSTF.
49、Thermal-spray test facility.3. Provision of Testing3.1 Thermal-Spray Operator Qualification Test(TSOQT). Applicants should be qualified using theTSOQTs of this guide. Qualified production thermal-spray procedures should be used in the TSOQT.3.2 Thermal-Spray Employer Test Shop or Facility.The thermal-spray employer should have a thermal-sprayshop or facility with equipment that meets the require-ments of TSOQT for which the applicant is being quali-fied. The thermal-spray shop or facility is required toprovide the thermal-spray operator applicant with his orher pr
