1、RecommendedPractices forLocal Heating ofWelds in PipingandTubingAWS D10.10/D10.10M:1999 (R2009)An American National Standard550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126AWS D10.10/D10.10M:1999 (R2009)An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteOctober 20, 1999Reaffirmed
2、: May 5, 2009Recommended Practices forLocal Heating of Weldsin Piping and Tubing3rd EditionSupersedes AWS D10.10/D10.10M:1999Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) D10 Committee on Piping and TubingUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of Directo
3、rsAbstractThis standard provides information on recommended practices, equipment, temperature control, insulation, and advan-tages and disadvantages for the methods presently available for local heating of welded joints in pipe and tubing.Key Words Local heating, piping and tubing, heating methods,
4、thermocouples, controls, insulation, weldsiiAWS D10.10/D10.10M:1999 (R2009)International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-558-9American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2000 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaReaffirmed: May 5, 2009
5、Photocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, o
6、r educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet
7、:.iiiAWS D10.10/D10.10M:1999 (R2009)Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordan
8、ce with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the fu
9、ll legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or othe
10、r documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that
11、 bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While the AWS administers theprocess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evalu-ate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the so
12、undness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or relianceon this
13、 standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any informationpublished herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for oron behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking
14、to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It isassumed that
15、 the use of this standard and its provisions are entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any pat
16、ent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.Finally, the AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce co
17、mpliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standar
18、d may only be obtained by sending a request, inwriting, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex H).With regard to technical i
19、nquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving
20、them. These individuals donot speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at
21、any time by the AWS D10 Committee on Piping and Tubing. It must be reviewedevery five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions,or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should
22、be addressedto AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS D10 Committee on Piping andTubing and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests areinvited to attend all meetings of the AWS D10 Committee on Piping and T
23、ubing to express their comments verbally.Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation ofthe Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 331
24、26.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS D10.10/D10.10M:1999 (R2009)vAWS D10.10/D10.10M:1999 (R2009)Personnel (Reaffirmation)AWS D10 Committee on Piping and TubingM. P. Lang, Chair United Association, Local 501W. F. Newell, Vice Chair W. F. Newell particularly, thermocouple selection and placement,
25、 proper provisionfor insulation, and use of the radiant heating methods.The present edition of D10.10 has been extensively revised to: identify/consider related domestic and internationalcodes, standards and practices; more fully recognize the range of purposes for local heating; introduce terminolo
26、gy for localheating; consider the issues affecting important parameters and provide recommendations for specifying these parameters;consider both local 360-degree band and spot heating; expand the information regarding thermocouple location, attachmentand accuracy; expand/update the information rela
27、ting to insulation; expand the information regarding the thermal cycle;identify common process deviations and responses; introduce considerations regarding service environment; introducequality assurance system considerations; and update and emphasize the heating methods most commonly used.During pr
28、eparation of the present edition, it was attempted to include recommendations based upon the best available,most current data regarding local heating. In most cases, the recommendations given are based upon published research,with extensive references provided. It is acknowledged that in some cases,
29、 the resulting recommendations may exceedthe prevailing practice within industry, especially domestically. However, it is felt that the objective of this document isto present recommended practices based on an ordered assessment of available research and information, rather than asummary of current
30、practice.Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,AWS D10 Committee on Piping and Tubing, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.A formal reply will be issued after it has been reviewed by the appropriat
31、e personnel following established procedures.This page is intentionally blank.xAWS D10.10/D10.10M:1999 (R2009)xiAWS D10.10/D10.10M:1999 (R2009)Table of ContentsPage No.Personnel (Reaffirmation) vPersonnel (Original).viiForewordixList of TablesxivList of Figuresxiv1. Scope.12. Reference Documents12.1
32、 Piping Fabrication Codes.12.2 Repair Codes12.3 Recommended Practices Regarding Service Environment13. Introduction .14. Purposes for Local Heating 24.1 Bake-Out24.2 Preheating and Interpass Heating 34.3 Postheating.34.4 Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT)45. Terminology for Local Heating 45.1 Soak Band
33、(SB) .55.2 Heated Band (HB) .55.3 Gradient Control Band (GCB).55.4 Control Zone66. Local 360-Degree Band Heating 66.1 Soak Band66.2 Heated Band.76.3 Gradient Control Band.156.4 Axial Temperature Gradient 166.5 Summary of Recommendations for SB, HB, GCB, and Axial Temperature Gradient .176.6 Recommen
34、ded PWHT Practices187. Local Spot PWHT .267.1 Requirements in Fabrication and Repair Codes 267.2 Basis for Current Practices 267.3 Experience or Analysis to Justify Use.288. Measurement of Temperature288.1 Temperature-Indicating Crayons and Paints288.2 Selection of Thermocouples 288.3 Installation o
35、f Thermocouples .298.4 Location of Thermocouples.318.5 Thermocouple Extension Wires.328.6 Temperature Control and Recording Instruments378.7 Accuracy of Thermocouple Temperature Measurements379. Insulation389.1 Classification of Insulation389.2 Health and Safety Issues Regarding Fiber Respirability
36、.389.3 Types of Insulation 39xiiPage No.AWS D10.10/D10.10M:1999 (R2009)9.4 Attachment of Insulation .3910. Other Considerations3910.1 Structural Integrity.4010.2 Internal Liquids4010.3 Internal Convection4110.4 Thermal Expansion4111. Thermal Cycle .4111.1 Temperature Uniformity 4111.2 Heating Rate 4
37、211.3 Hold Temperature and Time 4311.4 Cooling Rate 4312. Response to Deviations4412.1 Thermocouple Failure4412.2 Heat Source Failure .4412.3 Interruption During Heating 4412.4 Interruption During Hold Period .4512.5 Interruption During Cooling4512.6 Excessive Heating or Hold Times During PWHT.4613.
38、 Considerations Related to Service Environment4613.1 Appropriateness of Furnace and Local PWHT4613.2 Exemption from PWHT.4713.3 Tempering and Stress Relaxation Objectives 4813.4 Hardness Testing4813.5 Induction Heating Stress Improvement (IHSI)4914. Quality Assurance System 4914.1 Quality System 491
39、4.2 Process Control4914.3 Response to In-Process Deviations5014.4 Testing5014.5 Documentation.5014.6 Control of Inspection, Measuring, and Test Equipment5114.7 Training5114.8 Servicing5115. Induction Heating5115.1 General.5115.2 Effect of Composition and Temperature5115.3 Coil 5215.4 Ampere Turns 52
40、15.5 Location of Turns of the Coil 5215.6 Suggestions for Setup 5315.7 Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of Induction Heating.5316. Electric Resistance Heating5416.1 General.5416.2 Heaters .5416.3 Power Sources .5516.4 Suggestions for Setup 5616.5 Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of Resista
41、nce Heating .5617. Flame Heating5717.1 General.5717.2 Heat Sources 57xiiiPage No.AWS D10.10/D10.10M:1999 (R2009)17.3 Torch Tip Sizes 5717.4 Heated Band.5717.5 Flame Adjustment5717.6 Flame Attitude .5717.7 Protection from the Elements 5717.8 Holding 5717.9 Cooling 5717.10 Suggestions for Setup 5717.1
42、1 Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of Flame Heating 5818. Exothermic Heating 5818.1 General.5818.2 Nature of the Process.5818.3 Determination of Process Suitability.5918.4 Suggestions for Setup 5918.5 Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of Exothermic Heating5919. Gas-Flame Generated Infrared
43、Heating .6019.1 General.6019.2 Fundamentals.6019.3 Burner Arrangement 6019.4 Process Control6019.5 Sheltering of Thermocouples.6019.6 Suggestions for Setup 6019.7 Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of Gas-Flame Generated Infrared Heating .6020. Radiant Heating by Quartz Lamps .6020.1 General.6020
44、.2 Description of the Heating Method .6120.3 Heater.6120.4 Thermal Cycle Control 6320.5 Effect of Work Surface Condition .6320.6 Suggestions for Setup 6320.7 Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of Quartz Lamp Radiant Heating6321. Comparison of Heating Processes6422. Safety and Health 6422.1 Noise6
45、522.2 Electrical Hazards6522.3 Fire and Explosion Protection .6522.4 Burn Protection6622.5 Tripping and Falling 6622.6 Falling Objects.6722.7 Confined Spaces 6722.8 Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMF) .6822.9 Lockout/Tagout68Annex A (Informative)Discussion of Issues and Recommendations Regarding the
46、Heated Band71Annex B (Informative)Discussion of Stresses Induced During Local 360-Degree Band PWHT75Annex C (Informative)Procedure for Thermocouple Attachment by Capacitor Discharge Welding 87Annex D (Informative)Accuracy of Thermocouple Temperature Measurements89Annex E (Informative)Information on
47、Types of Insulation91Annex F (Informative)Standard Procedure for Local Heating.93Annex G (Informative)Standard Documentation Checklist for Local Heating97Annex H (Informative)Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries.99List of AWS Documents on Piping and Tubing .101xivAWS D10.10/D10.10M:
48、1999 (R2009)List of TablesTable Page No.1 Comparison of Minimum Preheat/Interpass Heating Soak Band Widths72 Comparison of Minimum PWHT Soak Band Widths73 Minimum Recommendations for Local 360-Degree Band PWHT of Girth Welds on Pipingin the Horizontal Position Based upon B31.1 Minimum PWHT Soak Band
49、 Requirements .94 Minimum Recommendations for Local 360-Degree Band PWHT of Girth Welds on Pipingin the Horizontal Position Based upon B31.3 Minimum PWHT Soak Band Requirements .115 Minimum Recommendations for Local 360-Degree Band PWHT of Girth Welds on Pipingin the Horizontal Position Based upon ASME Section III Minimum PWHT Soak Band Requirements136 Comparison of PWHT Axial Temperature Gradient Control Requirements.167 Summary of Recommendations for the Soak Band .178 Summary of Recommendations for HB, GCB, and Axial Temperature Gradient.189 Recommended Number of Control Zones an
