1、Specification forWelding ofAusteniticStainless SteelTube and PipeSystems inSanitary (Hygienic)ApplicationsAWS D18.1/D18.1M:2009An American National Standard550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126AWS D18.1/D18.1M:2009An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteApri
2、l 17, 2009Specification for Weldingof Austenitic Stainless SteelTube and Pipe Systems inSanitary (Hygienic) Applications2nd EditionSupersedes AWS D18.1:1999Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) D18 Committee on Welding in Sanitary ApplicationsUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activitie
3、s CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis specification provides the requirements for welds in tubing systems in dairy and other food processing plants. Thedocument addresses qualifications, fabrication, extent of visual examination, acceptance criteria, and documentationrequireme
4、nts.iiAWS D18.1/D18.1M:2009International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-749-8American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2009 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, st
5、ored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreduca
6、tional classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS D18.1/D18.1M:2009Statement on the Use of American Welding
7、Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AW
8、S American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSsta
9、ndards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship
10、 exists, changes in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to ac
11、hieve consensus. While the AWS administers the pro-cess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate,or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability f
12、or any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or relianceon this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or comp
13、leteness of any informationpublished herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for oron behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using
14、 these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions are entrusted to appropriately q
15、ualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for i
16、nfringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.Finally, the AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion,
17、 text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, inwriting, to the appropriate te
18、chnical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex A).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be
19、 rendered.These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals donot speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opini
20、ons constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D18 Committee on Welding in Sanitary Applications. It mus
21、tbe reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations,additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should beaddressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive ca
22、reful consideration by the AWS D18 Committee onWelding in Sanitary Applications and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to thecomments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS D18 Committee on Welding in Sanitary Applications toexpress their comments v
23、erbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments areprovided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained fromthe American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally bl
24、ank.ivAWS D18.1/D18.1M:2009vAWS D18.1/D18.1M:2009DedicationThe D18 Committee on Welding in Sanitary Applicationsdedicates this edition of the D18.1/D18.1M:2009, Specificationfor Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel Tube and Pipe Systems inSanitary (Hygienic) Applications, to Mr. Garrett M. Naughton
25、,a charter member of the D18 Committee. Garrett was a truefriend and advocate of the American Welding Society. Hisdedicated efforts did much to advance the art and science ofwelding stainless steel materials for the food and food processingindustry, as well as the education and training of welders f
26、orthe welding industry.This page is intentionally blank.viAWS D18.1/D18.1M:2009viiAWS D18.1/D18.1M:2009PersonnelAWS D18 Committee on Welding in Sanitary ApplicationsJ. E. Campbell, Chair WeldTech Solutions CorporationW. L. Roth, 1st Vice Chair The Procter therefore, each system must be used independ
27、ently.Safety and health issues are beyond the scope of this standard, and therefore are not fully addressed herein. Safety andhealth information is available from other sources, including, but not limited to federal, state, and local regulations aswell as other safety standards such as ANSI Z49.1, S
28、afety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes.2. Normative ReferencesThe following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute mandatory provisions of thisAWS standard. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply. For dated r
29、eferences,subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.AWS Standards1:AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions;1AWS standards are published by the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.Specification for Welding of AusteniticStai
30、nless Steel Tube and Pipe Systemsin Sanitary (Hygienic) ApplicationsAWS D18.1/D18.1M:20092AWS B2.1, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification;AWS B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds; andANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes.ASME Stand
31、ard2:ASME B46.1, Surface Texture.3. Terms and DefinitionsThe terms listed are used in various sections of this document and require definition for correct interpretation. Most ofthese terms are not contained in AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, or if they are listed in AWS A3.0,their
32、 definitions have been enhanced to clarify their use in this document.automatic welding. Welding with equipment that requires only occasional or no observation of the welding, and nomanual adjustment of the equipment controls.discoloration. Any change in surface color from that of the base metal, us
33、ually associated with oxidation. Discolorationmay occur on the weld, heat-affected zone, or base metal of the weld joint such as a result of heating the metal duringwelding. Colors may range from pale bluish-gray to deep blue, and from pale straw color to a black crusty coating.fabricator. Includes
34、contractors, subcontractors, erectors, or any organizations that produce weldments that are intendedto meet the requirements of this specification.heat tint. A nonstandard term for discoloration.mechanized welding. Welding with equipment that requires manual adjustment of the equipment controls in r
35、esponse tovisual observation of the welding, with the torch, gun, or electrode holder held by a mechanical device.nonproduct contact surface. An exposed surface other than a product contact surface.orbital welding. Automatic or mechanized welding of tube or pipe in which a welding arc rotates (orbit
36、s) around astationary weld joint.Owner. Organization that will operate the sanitary (hygienic) processing system, or the organizations authorizedrepresentative.pit. A surface discontinuity the depth of which exceeds 25% of the smallest surface dimension, and whose length doesnot exceed three (3) tim
37、es its width.product contact surface. Any surface that is exposed to the product or any surface from which materials may drain,drop, or be drawn into the product.qualification variable. A variable in which a change beyond that described in 4.1.7, Welding Variables, is consideredto affect the mechani
38、cal properties of the weldment, and shall require requalification of the Welding ProcedureSpecification (WPS). Previously termed “essential variable.”sanitary (hygienic) applications. Those applications where the metal surface condition is such that it can be cleanedto meet the requirements of produ
39、cts consumed or used by humans or animals, which require freedom fromcontamination.termination. Completion point of a weld pass. Other terms commonly used are tail off, slope down (also calleddownslope), sign off, and feather out.verification test (procedure). A sample weldment intended to confirm t
40、hat a WPS revision to a verification variablemeets the requirements of 6.2, Visual Examination Acceptance Criteria.2ASME standards are published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990.AWS D18.1/D18.1M:20093verification test (performance). A sample wel
41、dment intended to confirm the welders or welding operators ability tomeet the requirements of 6.2, Visual Examination Acceptance Criteria.verification variable. A variable in which a change as described in 4.1.7, Welding Variables, may prevent the weld frommeeting 6.2, Visual Examination Acceptance
42、Criteria. Such a change may be made only after successfully complet-ing a verification test.weld finishing. A postweld process that leaves the weld area in a noticeably different condition than as welded. Finish-ing processes include, but are not limited to mechanical (grinding, polishing, glass bea
43、d blasting, and so forth),chemical (passivating or pickling), or electrochemical (electropolishing).4. Qualification4.1 Procedure Qualification4.1.1 A written qualified Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) shall be followed for each weld in sanitary appli-cations. The welding procedure specificatio
44、n may be in any convenient format provided all welding procedure specifi-cation data required by this document and applicable sections of AWS B2.1, Specification for Welding Procedure andPerformance Qualification, are addressed.4.1.2 Standard welding procedure specifications, welding procedures qual
45、ified to AWS B2.1, or earlier editions ofthis document, may be used provided all data required by the latest edition of this document and AWS B2.1, areaddressed and a successful documented verification test to ensure the visual examination criteria of the document can beachieved.4.1.3 The welding pr
46、ocedure specification data required to be addressed for each procedure shall be those specified in4.1.6 in addition to those listed in AWS B2.1, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification.4.1.4 The evaluation of procedure qualification test weldments shall be as listed in 4.1.
47、4.1 through 4.1.4.4. The actualwelding variables used during the qualification tests shall be recorded in addition to the results of the destructive andvisual examination. The welding procedure qualification record may be in any convenient format provided all the appli-cable welding variables of AWS
48、 B2.1, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification, and 4.1.6and 4.1.7, and the results of all tests are recorded.4.1.4.1 Procedure qualification shall be by standard test weldment as required in AWS B2.1, Specification forWelding Procedure and Performance Qualification, except
49、 that the qualification and verification variables of 4.1.6 apply.4.1.4.2 Procedure qualification test weldments shall be visually examined on all surfaces.4.1.4.3 The destructive test sample preparation shall be as required in AWS B2.1, Specification for Welding Proce-dure and Performance Qualification, or B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds, except that bendspecimens shall not be machined flat. The maximum radius at the edge of the bend specimens is 1/16 in 1.6 mm.4.1.4.4 If any test fails, the procedure fails, and a new welding procedure qualification test shall be
