1、 Blank PageWater Distribution Operator Training Handbook Fourth Edition William C. LauerWater Distribution Operator Training Handbook Copyright 1976, 1999, 2005, 2013 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
2、any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quota- tions for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer This book is provided for informational purposes only, wi
3、th the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not thereby engaged in rendering engineering or other professional services. The authors, editors, and publisher make no claim as to the accuracy of the books contents, or their applicability to any particular circum- stance. The edit
4、ors, authors, and publisher accept no liability to any person for the information or advice provided in this book or for loss or damages incurred by any person as a result of reliance on its contents. The reader is urged to consult with an appropriate licensed professional before taking any action o
5、r making any interpreta- tion that is within the realm of a licensed professional practice. ISBN: 978-1-58321-954-6 eISBN: 978-1-61300-241-4 Project Manager/Senior Technical Editor: Melissa Valentine Cover Design: Melanie Yamamoto/Cheryl Armstrong Production: Glacier Publishing Services, Inc. Librar
6、y of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Water distribution operator training handbook / edited by William C. Lauer. - Fourth edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-58321-954-6 (alk. paper) 1. Water-Distribution-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Water-supply engine
7、ering- Fieldwork-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Water-supply engineers-Training of- Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Lauer, Bill. TD481.W373 2013 628.144-dc23 2013021236 Printed on Recycled Paperv Contents Preface ix Chapter 1: Distribution System Regulations 1 Federal Regulations . 1 State Regulations 10 R
8、equirements of Special Interest to Distribution System Operators .12 Bibliography 20 Chapter 2: Managing System Operations.21 Developing an Operations Management Plan 22 System Operations Training 25 Example Performance Measures 25 Pipeline Rehabilitation and Replacement 28 Bibliography 29 Chapter 3
9、: Operational Practices 31 Maintaining Water Quality 32 Practices That Affect Water Quality 33 Managing System Reliability 48 System Operation and Maintenance Practices .49 Maintaining System Efficiency .59 Bibliography 66 Chapter 4: Distribution System Design 71 Water Source Effects on System Desig
10、n 71 Types of Water System Layout .73 Water Main Sizing 75 Bibliography 80 Chapter 5: Water Main Pipe .81 Pipe Selection 81 Types of Pipe Service84 Types of Pipe Materials .84 Bibliography 98 Chapter 6: Distribution System Valves 99 Types of Valves 99 Valve Operation and Installation 107 Bibliograph
11、y 111vi Chapter 7: Water Main Installation and Rehabilitation 113 Pipe Shipment, Unloading, and Stringing . 113 Excavation . 116 Pipe Laying 124 Connecting to Existing Mains 130 Thrust Restraint . 133 Air Relief . 134 Backfilling and Main Testing . 135 Bibliography 148 Chapter 8: Disinfection of Wat
12、er Mains and Storage Facilities . 149 Disinfection of New Pipelines . 149 Pipeline Disinfection Methods . 156 Basic Pipeline Disinfection Calculations . 160 Disinfection for Pipeline Repairs . 161 Disinfection of Storage Facilities 164 Full Storage Facility Chlorination Method . 166 Surface Applicat
13、ion Method. 167 Chlorinate-and-Fill Method 168 Basic Storage Facility Disinfection Calculations . 169 Underwater Inspection of Storage Facilities Disinfection Procedures 171 Dechlorination of Highly Chlorinated Water . 172 Basic Dechlorination Calculations 177 Bibliography 178 Chapter 9: Fire Hydran
14、ts 179 Hydrant Uses . 179 Types of Fire Hydrants 182 Hydrant Installation 186 Hydrant Maintenance 189 Bibliography 191 Chapter 10: Water Storage . 193 Purposes of Water Storage 193 Types of Storage Facilities . 196 Location of Distribution Storage 201 Elevated Tank Equipment 202 Ground-Level Reservo
15、ir Equipment 205 Operation and Maintenance of Storage Facilities .206 Bibliography 209vii Chapter 11: Water Services 211 Service Line Design 211 Service Line Materials . 214 Water Service Taps . 218 Water Service Maintenance and Repair . 222 Bibliography 224 Chapter 12: Water Meters 225 Customer Ser
16、vice Meters . 225 Large Water Meters . 229 Meter Reading 234 Meter Maintenance . 239 Bibliography 240 Chapter 13: Cross-Connection Control 241 Cross-Connection Terminology 241 Public Health Significance . 241 Backflow Control Devices . 243 Cross-Connection Control Programs 249 Bibliography 250 Chapt
17、er 14: Pumps and Motors 251 Types of Pumps . 251 Pump Operation and Maintenance . 256 Motors . 263 Motor Control Equipment 265 Internal-Combustion Engines 266 Pump, Motor, and Engine Records .268 Bibliography 269 Chapter 15: Water Wells 271 Aquifers and Confining Beds . 271 Groundwater Sources . 272
18、 Well Terms 273 Well Protection 276 Well Records 282 Bibliography 282 Chapter 16: Distribution System Safety . 283 Personal Safety Considerations 283 Equipment Safety .284 Bibliography 290viii Chapter 17: Security, Emergency Preparedness, and Response . 291 Vulnerability Assessment 291 Supply Contin
19、gencies 293 Mitigation Measures 294 Response, Recovery, and Communications 294 Water Utility Security Initiatives. 295 Bibliography 298 Chapter 18: Instrumentation and Control 301 Monitoring Sensors . 301 Secondary Instrumentation . 307 Control Systems .309 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition 3
20、11 Bibliography 313 Chapter 19: Distribution System Mapping and Information Management 315 Distribution System Maps 315 Equipment Records 320 Geographic Information Management Systems 323 Bibliography 324 Chapter 20: Public Relations 325 Role of Distribution Personnel . 325 Workers Who Have Contact
21、With the Public . 325 Dealing With the Media 329 Customer Complaint Response 329 Bibliography 331 Chapter 21: Distribution System Hydraulics . 333 Fluids at Rest and in Motion 333 Hydraulic Gradient . 338 Hydraulic Transients . 339 Bibliography 343 Appendix A: Conversion of US Customary Units . 345
22、Appendix B: Metric Conversions. 351 Appendix C: Distribution Math Calculations . 357 Index . 365 About the Author 381ix Preface A safe, reliable drinking water supply is one of the most important resources for a community. Sufficient quantities of water must always be available at adequate pressure,
23、 and the water must be safe for human consumption at all times. A water distribution operator is legally and morally responsible to see that these goals are accomplished. The distribution operator is typically the first line of contact between the general public and the water utility. Therefore, the
24、y must conduct pub- lic contacts in a manner that will maintain a good image of the utility and instill customer confidence in the service being provided. The approach for this fourth edition was to ensure that it included the operator certification knowledge requirements included in the Associa- ti
25、on of Boards of Certification (ABC) Need-To-Know criteria. In addition, operator requirements for several state certification boards (e.g., California, Pennsylvania, and Texas) were also added where there were differences. Any topics regarding these certification requirements that were not already i
26、ncluded in the previous edition of the book were added. All of the numer- ous references and illustrations were reviewed and updated. In addition, several new chapters were added to cover topics that have emerged since publication of the last edition. The regulatory review chapter was revised extens
27、ively. New chapters were added describing the manage- ment approach to distribution system operation and the operational practices operators can use to improve system performance. The disinfection of pipe- lines and storage facilities is now included as its own chapter. The math cal- culations that
28、distribution system operators need to know are also included. The result of these additions and revisions make this book an indispens- able companion reference for water distribution system operations person- nel. Every water system operator should have a copy to use when preparing for certification
29、 exams as well as for everyday use. In order to maintain the publication at a reasonable size, some subjects receive only superficial coverage. However, sources of additional, specific information are available elsewhere. The publications referenced at the end of each chapter are avail- able from th
30、e American Water Works Association (AWWA) and other sources at nominal cost. In addition to this book, operators should have an up-to-date copy of their states public water supply regulations. Although basic requirements for x water system operation are dictated by regulations under the Safe Drinkin
31、g Water Act, in many cases states have modified the federal regulations and some may actually be more stringent. Each state also has many additional requirements that can only be found by reviewing the state regulations. Finally, many thanks are extended to David Plank, Gay Porter DeNileon, and Meli
32、ssa Valentine at AWWA for their help and support during the pub- lication process. And a special thanks to Marcellus Jones, Jr. for his review of this book.William C. Lauer Publication History The first edition of this handbook was published by AWWA in 1976, using, in part, material prepared by memb
33、ers of the Pacific Northwest Section of AWWA and contributions from many additional AWWA members. The second edition was completely revised under the auspices of the AWWA Operations and Maintenance Committee, with Kanwal Oberoi, chair- man. The technical editor was Harry Von Huben. William C. Lauer
34、of AWWA provided a technical review of the third edition. The fourth edition was an extensive revision, published in 2013, by its author William C. Lauer.Chapter 1 1 1 Distribution System Regulations Drinking water regulations have undergone major and dramatic changes during the past two decades, an
35、d trends indicate that they will continue to become more stringent and complicated. It is important that all water sys- tem operators understand the basic reasons for having regulations, how they are administered, and why compliance with them is essential. The reader should recognize that regulatory
36、 requirements are constantly changing. It is the operators responsibility to keep current on all regulatory requirements. FEDERAL REGULATIONS Although the regulations required by the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) are of prime interest in the operation and administration of water distribu- tion syst
37、ems, operators must also adhere to regulations required by several other federal environmental and safety acts. Safe Drinking Water Act Requirements Requirements under the SDWA are quite extensive, and complete details can be found in publications (and websites) listed in the bibliography at the end
38、 of this chapter. The SDWA includes a number of (current and proposed) rules including the following: Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) Total Coliform Rule (TCR) Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR) Long-Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR) Long-Term 2 Enhanced
39、 Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) Ground Water Rule (GWR) Total Trihalomethane (TTHM) Rule Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection By-products Rule (Stage 1 DBPR) Stage 2 Disinfectants/Disinfection By-products Rule (Stage 2 DBPR) Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) Public Notification (PN) Rule Chapter 12
40、| Water Distribution Operator Training Handbook Filter Backwash Recycle Rule (FBRR) Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) The following discussion will primarily center on requirements that affect the operation of water distribution systems. Prior to 1975, review of public water supplies wa
41、s done by each state, usually by the state health department. The SDWA was passed by Congress in 1975 for a combination of reasons. One of the primary purposes was to create uniform national standards for drinking water quality to ensure that every public water supply in the country would meet minim
42、um health stan- dards. Another was that scientists and public health officials had recently discovered many previously unrecognized disease organisms and chemicals that could contaminate drinking water and might pose a health threat to the public. It was considered beyond the capability of the indiv
43、idual states to deal with these problems. The SDWA delegates responsibility for administering the provisions of the act to the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The agency is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and has 10 regional offices in major cit- ies of the United States. Some princip
44、al duties of the agency are to Set maximum allowable concentrations for contaminants that might present a health threat in drinking waterthese are called maximum contaminants levels (MCLs); Delegate primary enforcement responsibility for local administration of the requirements to state agencies; Pr
45、ovide grant funds to the states to assist them in operating the greatly expanded program mandated by the federal requirements; Monitor state activities to ensure that all water systems are being required to meet the federal requirements; and Provide continued research on drinking water contaminants
46、and improvement of treatment methods. State Primacy The intent of the SDWA is for each state to accept primary enforcement responsibility (primacy) for the operation of the states drinking water program. Under the provisions of the delegation, the state must establish requirements for public water s
47、ystems that are at least as stringent as those set by USEPA. The primacy agency in each state was designated by the state governor. In some states the primacy agency is the state health department, and in others it is the state environmental protection agency, department of natural resources, or pol
48、lution control agency. USEPA has primacy in any state (e.g., Wyoming) that has not accepted this role. Classes of Public Water Systems The basic definition of a public water system in the SDWA is, in essence, a system that supplies piped water for human consumption and has at least Distribution Syst
49、em Regulations | 3 15 service connections or serves 25 or more persons for 60 or more days of the year. Examples of water systems that would not fall under the fed- eral definition are private homes, groups of fewer than 15 homes using the same well, and summer camps that operate for fewer than 60 days per year. These systems are, however, generally under some degree of supervision by a local, area, or state health department. USEPA has further divided public water systems into three classifica- tions (Figure 1-1): 1. Community public w
