1、Water Treatment Operator Handbook wtoh-4-book.book Page 1 Tuesday, May 17, 2005 6:57 PMwtoh-4-book.book Page 2 Tuesday, May 17, 2005 6:57 PMWater Treatment Operator Handbook Nicholas G. Pizzi Science and Technology AWWA unites the drinking water community by developing and distributing authoritative
2、 scientific and technological knowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advance public health and safety. AWWA also provides quality improvement programs for water and wastewater utilities. wtoh-4-book.book Page 3 Tuesday, May 17, 2005 6:57 PMCo
3、pyright 2002, 2005 American Water Works Association. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information or retrieval sytem, except in the form of brief excerpts
4、 or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer Many of the photographs and illustrative drawings that appear in this book have been furnished through the courtesy of various product distributors and manufacturers. Any mention of trade names, commercia
5、l products, or services does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the American Water Works Association. ISBN 1-58321-371-6 Project Manager/Senior Technical Editor: Melissa Christensen Cover Design: Carol Stearns Production: Glacier Publishing Services, Inc. Library of Congress Cat
6、aloging-in-Publication Data Pizzi, Nicholas G. Water treatment operator handbook / Nicholas G. Pizzi. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58321-371-6 1. Water treatment plants-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Water-Purification-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. TD434.P579 2005 6
7、28.162-dc22 2005047829 Printed in the United States of America Printed on recycled paper wtoh-4-book.book Page 4 Tuesday, May 17, 2005 6:57 PMv Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Chapter 1: Regulated
8、 Contaminant and Treatment Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Types of Water Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Microbial and Disinfection By-product Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Operational Views of Certain Conta
9、minants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Chapter 2: Source Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Sources of
10、 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Source Water Protection Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11、 . . . . . . . 33 Chapter 3: Well Design and Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Types and Operation of Wells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Parts of a Well. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Operations and Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Reasons for Well Abandonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Chapter 4: Pretreatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Variation in Source Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Process Design . . . . .
14、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Process Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15、 . . . . . 46 Chapter 5: Coagulation and Flocculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Coagulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Process Operations and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Flocculation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Chapter 6: Sedimentation . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Process Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Types of Basins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
18、5 High-Rate Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Operations and Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Residuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Turbidity Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 wtoh-4-book.book Page v Tuesday, May 17, 2005 6:57 PMvi Water Treatment Operator Handbook Chapter 7: Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Slow Sand F
21、ilters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Rapid Sand Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Diatomaceous Earth Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . 83 Granular Bed Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Granular Bed Operation and Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Chapter 8: Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Basics of Chemical Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Chlorine Feed Equipment . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Chlorine Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Chloramination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Ozone . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Ultraviolet Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 C T Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . 116 Disinfection By-products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Chapter 9: Softening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Water Hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Precipitative Softening Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Ion-Exchange Softe
28、ning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Chapter 10: Specialized Treatment Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Ae
29、ration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Iron and Manganese Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Fluoridation of Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Corrosion and Scaling Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Chapter 11: Membrane Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Reverse Osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Nanofiltration. . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Ultrafiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Microfiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . 150 Posttreatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Future Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Chapter 12: Testing and Laboratory Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Reasons for Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Quality Assurance/Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 wtoh-
36、4-book.book Page vi Tuesday, May 17, 2005 6:57 PMContents vii Chapter 13: Instrumentation and Control Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Process Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 References . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Chapter 14: Safety Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Safety Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 181 Confined Space Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 General Plant Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Lab Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 General Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Plant Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Chapter 15: Record Keeping and Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Process Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Reporting . .
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Appendix A: Sample Material Safety Data Sheet for Chlorine . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . 201 Appendix B: Math and Calculation Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Appendix C: Water Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 wtoh-4-book
44、.book Page vii Tuesday, May 17, 2005 6:57 PM. wtoh-4-book.book Page viii Tuesday, May 17, 2005 6:57 PMix Preface The people who operate water treatment plants make an important contribution to the public health of the community in which they work. A safe drinking water supply is essential to all rep
45、resentative groups within the sphere of influence of the treatment plant. Therefore, the water plant operator should be a trained professional who is capable of performing the tasks necessary to provide the safest possible water. “Trained professional”the phrase implies two principles. First, that t
46、his is a person who conforms to technical and ethical standards of a discipline, perhaps on the level of a permanent career. Second, it suggests that this person is trainable and has been trained to perform at a level that leads to professionalism. This book is written with those principles in mind.
47、 There is an ethical paradigm here. Performing the role of water plant operator places a premium on an allegiance to the consumer, the regulator, and the employer. Often, operators believe there is conflict in the demands made on them by the three. There are many operator training programs available
48、 to people in the field, but few of them offer training in ethics. Occasionally, we read about an operator who has made a questionable ethical choice. Public response to these incidents is predictable, and there is a loss of confidence in the drinking water industry as a result. Usually, when operat
49、ors make the right choice, it is a result of their training. Unfortunately, we dont often read about the right choices that were made. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has published guidelines (Fe deral Register 1999) for the certification and qualification of the men and women who operate the water treatment plants in this country. These guidelines provide a legal framework for operator certification, one that underscores the opinions stated above. To add weight to the seriousness of the rule, the USEPA administrator is directed to withhold 20 percent of the funds a s
