1、 #MBOL1BHFSiting, Drilling, and Constructionof Water Supply WellsSiting, Drilling, and Constructionof Water Supply WellsFrederick Bloetscher, Ph.D., P.E.Albert Muniz, P.E.John LargeyFirst EditionScience and TechnologyAWWA unites the entire water community by developing and distributing authoritative
2、 scientific andtechnological knowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products andprocesses that advance public health and safety. AWWA also provides quality improvement programs for waterand wastewater utilities.Copyright 2007 American Water Works Association.All rights
3、reserved.Printed in the United States of America.Project Manager/Senior Technical Editor: Melissa ValentineProduction: Glacier Publishing Services, Inc.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, o
4、r any information or retrievalsystem, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without thewritten permission of the publisher.DisclaimerThis book is provided for informational purposes only, with the understanding that the pub-lisher and authors are not thereby engaged
5、 in rendering engineering or other professionalservices. The authors and publisher make no claim as to the accuracy of the books contents,or their applicability to any particular circumstance. The authors and publisher accept noliability to any person for the information or advice provided in this b
6、ook, or for loss ordamages incurred by any person as a result of reliance on its contents. The reader is urged toconsult with an appropriate licensed professional before taking any action or making anyinterpretation that is within the realm of a licensed professional practice. Library of Congress Ca
7、taloging-in-Publication DataBloetscher, Frederick. Siting, drilling, and construction of water supply wells / Frederick Bloetscher, AlbertMuniz, John Largey. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-58321-516-6 1. Wells-Design and construction. I. Muniz, Albert. II. Largey, J
8、ohn. III. American WaterWorks Association. IV. Title. TD405.B56 2007 628.114-dc22 2007038967ISBN 1-58321-516-6ISBN 978-1-58321-516-66666 West Quincy AvenueDenver, CO 80235-3098303.794.7711vContentsList of Figures viiList of Tables xiDedication xiiiAcknowledgements xvChapter 1 Basic Concepts 1Sources
9、 of Groundwater 1Benefits and Advantages of Groundwater Use 4Considerations for Siting Wells 4Reference 11Chapter 2 Regulations Regarding Well Location, Protection,and Water Quality 13Safe Drinking Water Rules 13Water Quality Considerations 20Use of Risk in Regulatory Environments 31Permits 32Refere
10、nces 33Chapter 3 Drilling Methods 37Types of Wells and Their Construction 38Bucket-Type Drilling 41Cable-Tool Method 42Hollow Stem Auger 45Hydraulic Rotary Drilling 47Reverse-Circulation Rotary 59Reverse-Air Circulation 60Dual-Tube (Reverse-Air) Method 61Down-the-Hole-Hammer 63Coring 65Drilling Meth
11、od Selection 67References 69Chapter 4 Geophysical Logging and Field Testing 71Lithologic Logging 72Borehole Geophysical Logging 73Siting, Drilling, and Construction of Water Supply WellsviSurface Geophysical Methods 74Subsurface Geophysical Methods 77Field Testing 91Step-Drawdown Testing 101Water Qu
12、ality Sampling 108Silt, Sand, and Colloids 109Microbiological Issues 113Methods for Monitoring Groundwater Quality 115References 117Chapter 5 Well Design 119Predesign 119Wellfield Design 129Well Design 130Basic Design Decisions 139References 142Chapter 6 Well Construction and Development 143Casings
13、143Screens 152Gravel Packs 154Cement Grouting 160Well Development 161Well Development Methods 164Well Development Protocol 165Sanitary Protection 167Surface Equipment 168References 170Chapter 7 Operation of Wells 171Well Performance 171Water Quality Monitoring 176Well Redevelopment Protocol 185Refer
14、ences 186Chapter 8 Summary 189Index 195About the Authors 205viiFigures1-1 Hydrologic Cycle 21-2 Typical Well Installation 51-3 Industrial Aerial Map 61-4 Residential Aerial Map 61-5 Undeveloped Area Aerial Map 71-6 Helton Creek Falls, Blairsville, Ga. 91-7 Lake Winfield Scott, Blairsville, Ga. 101-8
15、 Delicate Arch, Arches National Park, Utah 102-1 Broward County Wellfield Protection Zones 182-2 Diagram of Well Locations for Fort Lauderdales Peele-Dixie Wellfield 192-3 2003 Aerial Map of Vicinity of Fort Lauderdales Peele-Dixie Wellfield 202-4 Drawdown Map of Fort Lauderdales Peele-Dixie Wellfie
16、ld Site 212-5 Riskcost Analysis 323-1 Operation of Well Points 393-2 Installation of Driven Well Points 403-3 Bucket-type Drilling Rig and Close-up of Bucket 423-4 Cable-tool Drilling 433-5 Cable-tool Bit 443-6 Bailer 443-7 Hollow Stem Auger 463-8 Split Spoon Sampling Devices 473-9 Mud Rotary Circul
17、ation 483-10 Mud Rotary Method With Cuttings Carried to Surface 493-11 Typical Rotary Drill and Drill Collar 493-12 Chart for Bit Selection 493-13 Drag Bits for Unconsolidated and Soft Sediments 503-14 Tricone Bits for Moderately Hard to Hard Formations 503-15 Flat Bottom Bit for Large Diameter Dril
18、ling Applications 513-16 Drill Pipe and Drill Collars 513-17 Three Stabilizers and a 42-in. Drill Bit 52Siting, Drilling, and Construction of Water Supply Wellsviii3-18 Picking Up Drill Pipe 523-19 Typical Mud Circulation System 533-20 Collection Cuttings at the Shale Shaker 553-21 De-sanding Operat
19、ions 563-22 Top-Head Hydraulic Drive System 573-23 Reverse-Air Drilling Method 603-24 Dual Walled Drill Pipe 613-25 Dual-Tube Circulation System 613-26 Typical Reverse-Air, Dual-Tube Drill Rig With Cyclone 623-27 Sample From Cyclone on Typical Reverse-Air, Dual-Tube Drill Rig 623-28 Down-the-Hole-Ha
20、mmer Method 643-29 Core Sample 653-30 Boxed Core 653-31 Core Barrels 664-1 Example of Lithologic Log 724-2 Specialized Equipment and Companies Perform Borehole Geophysical Logging 754-3 Surface Resistivity Method 764-4 Example of Caliper Log 784-5 System Used To Make Conventional Single-Point Resist
21、ance and SP Logs 794-6 Example of Temperature Corrections Required to Electrical Conductivity Log 814-7 Example of Caliper and Electrical Resistivity Log for Borehole 824-8 Conductivity Relationship to Dissolved Solids for Specific Conductivity Logs 834-9 Gamma Response to Increasing Clay and Silt C
22、ontent 844-10 Example of Comparison of Gamma, Resistivity, and Caliper Logs Through Shale 854-11 Relationship Between Gamma Radiation and Silt and Sand 854-12 Comparison of Radium/Potassium Gamma Response to Calcites 864-13 Response of Sediments to Acoustic Waves 884-14 Acoustic Velocity and Caliper
23、 Log Example 894-15 Typical Suite of Logs 914-16 Example of Borehole Photograph 944-17 Type Curve for Confined Aquifer 99Figures ix4-18 Example of Alternative Solution for Drawdown Response 1004-19 Example of Drawdown Response at Impermeable Boundary 1064-20 Example of Drawdowns Response at Recharge
24、 Boundary 1075-1 Interfering Drawdown Between Wells 1296-1 Telescoped Well 1466-2 Steel Casing Materials 1506-3 Fiberglass Casing Materials 1516-4 PVC Casing Being Installed 1516-5 Welding a Casing Pipe 1526-6 Well Screen 1536-7 Well Screen Size Chart 1566-8 Dump Methods for Grouting 1576-9 Tremie P
25、ipe 1586-10 Pumping Grout (above ground and below ground methods) 1596-11 Cube Packing 40% Porosity 1636-12 Rhombohedral Packing 25% Porosity 1636-13 Formation Collapse 1636-14 Drawing of Wellhead 1696-15 Photograph of Wellhead 1707-1 Sand Entering a Borehole 1777-2 Galvanic Series 1797-3 Bacterial
26、Quantities in a Well 183xiTables1-1 Porosity of Rock Formations 32-1A Primary Drinking Water Standards 142-1B Secondary Drinking Water Standards 152-2 Factors Affecting Survival of Enteric Bacteria in Soil 252-3 Summary of Maximum Viral Travel Distances in Groundwater 262-4 Factors Influencing Virus
27、 Fate in Soils 272-5 Summary of PAS Occurrence and Activity Levels 303-1 Summary of Drilling Methods, Benefits, and Limitations 684-1 Electrical Resistivity of Selected Aquifer Materials 804-2 Energy for Gamma Logs 844-3 Neutron Collisions for Selected Materials 874-4 Compression Wave Velocity Trans
28、it Time 884-5 Recommended Geophysical Logs 924-6 Response of Logs to Porosity 924-7 Criteria for Selection of Logs 934-8 Summary of Parameters To Be Analyzed in Water Quality Testing 1095-1 Values of Porosity in Various Geologic Materials 1215-2 Values of Specific Yield for Various Geologic Material
29、s 1225-3 Typical Values of Hydraulic Conductivity and Permeability 1245-4 Ranges of Hydraulic Conductivity for Various Rock Types 1255-5 Units of Hydraulic Parameters of Aquifers 1265-6 Collapse Strength of Steel Well Casing 1346-1 Casing Sizes for Small Wells Based on Yield 1446-2 Wall Thickness fo
30、r Steel Casing 1486-3 Steel Well Casings Fabricated From Standard Plates 1486-4 Fiberglass Casing Sizes 1496-5 Small PVC Casings SizesSCH 80 1496-6 Larger PVC Casings SizesSCH 40 1496-7 Various Size Grade Scale in Common Use 1557-1 Bacteria Found in South Florida Aquifers 181xiiiDedicationDr. Bloets
31、cher dedicates this work to his parents, Frederick and Virginia Bloetscherin Tamarac, Fla. They are the initial (and continuing) proofreaders of all of thedocuments.Mr. Muniz dedicates this work to his family, especially his wife, Dr. Lori S.Muniz, who has supported his efforts throughout his career
32、, and to his childrenNatalie, Alberto (Tony), and Alexis.Mr. Largey dedicates this work to his wife, Diane Mason-Largey, who haslovingly endured the many long days and nights in the life of a field geologist, and toAlice B. Largey, a true rock hound.xvAcknowledgementsDr. Bloetscher wishes to acknowl
33、edge the contributions and support to this projectby the following: his coauthors, Albert Muniz and John Largey, for their time andefforts; Dr. Daniel E. Meeroff, assistant professor, and Dr. Pete Scarlatos,department chair for Civil Engineering at Florida Atlantic University; Dr. DavidChin, profess
34、or at the University of Miami; Dave Edson, P.E., Prism Engineering;Dr. Lisa Anderson, Metropolitan Water District or Southern California; and Mom,Dad, and Aragorn for their thoughts and input; and Cheryl Fox for her love andunderstanding. Mr. Muniz wishes to acknowledge the contributions and support
35、 of the staff atHazen and Sawyer in Boca Raton and Fort Pierce, Fla. toward development of thisdocument, including Mr. John Koroshec. He also wishes to thank his lovely andsupportive wife, Dr. Lori S. Muniz, and his family, Tony, Natalie, and Alexis.Mr. Largey wishes to acknowledge the contributions
36、 and support of the staff atHazen and Sawyer in Boca Raton, Fla.11Basic ConceptsSOURCES OF GROUNDWATERGroundwater is water that may have recently entered the soil as a result of rainfall orsnow melt, or it may be an ancient source found in geologic formations well belowthe surface. This water is a p
37、ortion of the hydrologic cycle (see Figure 1-1) wherewater falls to the earth and seeps into the soil and flows downward by gravity until itcontacts a layer of impervious strata. Groundwater typically flows down gradient,taking the path of least resistance. Therefore, if high permeability undergroun
38、dconduits or channels are present, the water will tend to flow along these pathways.These formations may yield substantial quantities of water.A body of rock that is sufficiently permeable to conduct groundwater to yieldeconomically significant quantities of water to wells and springs is called an a
39、quifer.Water that is located near the land surface, exposed to atmospheric pressure, and hasno overlying confinement is called the water table or surficial aquifer. The surface ofa water table aquifer tends to follow the surface of the ground, although someconditions cause exceptions. Aquifers will
40、recharge creeks, lakes, or rivers whosebottoms are deeper than the top of the water table, and aquifers may be recharged bythose same water bodies where the surface of the aquifer is beneath the creek, lake,or river bottom.A spring forms when groundwater flows naturally from an aquifer to thesurface
41、, such as near a creek, lake, or river. Water flowing from a spring may havetraveled hundreds of miles (kilometers) from where it seeped into the ground, or itcould be from a surface water source only a few yards away.Water table aquifers that are located up to four ft (1.5 m) below the surface mayb
42、e subject to evaporation. Because there is little resistance to migration of water intowater table aquifers, they are also more susceptible to contamination than deeperaquifers, a major consideration in locating wellfields. Below the water table aquifermay be other aquifers. These aquifers will be s
43、eparated by a layer of material such asdolomite, clay, or other material that prevents or limits the exchange of waterSiting, Drilling, and Construction of Water Supply Wells2between the aquifer layers. Such limiting formations are called confining units oraquitards.Aquifers that are located further
44、 beneath the surface and have low permeabilityformations above them are called confined aquifers. These aquifers may be underpressure and are termed artesian aquifers if their water surface rises above thebottom of the overlying confining bed when exposed to atmospheric pressure. Theterm flowing art
45、esian aquifers refers to those aquifers where the water surface risesabove the overlying confining unit and flows at land surface. An example is theFloridan aquifer in southeast Florida that will “flow” 30 ft (10 m) above the groundsurface. Some confined aquifers are buried river valleys or the beds
46、 of an ancientlake. Examples exist in the Midwest, where such buried rivers are highly permeableand may yield large quantities of water.The flow velocity and flow direction of groundwater depends on the elevationof the recharge source, the permeability of soil and rock layers, and the relativepressu
47、re of the groundwater. The movement of water through an aquifer is generallyquite slow; however, the long-term movement of water through the rock maydissolve the formation. Eventually, this allows large cavities to interconnect andform underground rivers or caverns that can be tapped as a public wat
48、er supplyFigure 1-1 Hydrologic cycleImpervious StrataEvaporationEvaporationEvaporation CondensationPrecipitation onLand SurfaceSurfaceRunoffInfiltrationandPercolationGroundwater FlowSurface Reservoiror Lake StorageStream FlowSurfaceDischargeOceanPrecipitation onOcean SurfaceBasic Concepts 3source. At the same time, this water retains the dissolved minerals tha
