1、ANSI/AWWA B403-09(Revision of ANSI/AWWA B403-03)AW WA StandardEffective date: Nov. 1, 2009.First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors June 25, 1942.This edition approved Jan. 25, 2009.Approved by American National Standards Institute Sept. 11, 2009.6666 West Quincy Avenue Advocacy Denver, CO
2、80235-3098 Communications T 800.926.7337 Conferences www.awwa.org Education and TrainingScience and TechnologySectionsThe Authoritative Resource on Safe WaterAluminumSulfateLiquid, Ground, or LumpCopyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iiAWWA StandardThis document is an
3、American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specifi cation. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifi -cations. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluate
4、d by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specifi ed by the user, the product or service is not fully defi ned. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA stan
5、dards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfac
6、tory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an offi cial notice of action will be placed on the fi rst page of the classifi ed advertising section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the fi rst day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the offi
7、cial notice.American National StandardAn American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An Ameri-can National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American Na
8、tional Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users
9、are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertis-ing and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American
10、National Standards. CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be ta
11、ken to reaffi rm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than fi ve years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, N
12、ew York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for re
13、view purposes, without the written permission of the publisher.Copyright 2009 by American Water Works AssociationPrinted in USACopyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iiiCommittee PersonnelTh e AWWA Standards Committee on Iron Salts, Aluminum Salts, and Related Coagulant
14、 Aids, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval:John P. Corless, ChairGeneral Interest MembersM.B. Alvarez, CH2M HILL Inc., Orlando, Fla. (AWWA)K.K. Au, Greeley or 0.35 percent, on a basis of 8.0 percent Al2O3(4.23 percent as Al), in liquid alumi
15、num sulfate.4.4.3 Product certifi cations. Aluminum sulfate is a direct additive used in the treatment of potable water. Th is material should be certifi ed as suitable for con-tact with or treatment of drinking water by an accredited certifi cation organization in accordance with NSF/ANSI 60. Evalu
16、ation shall be accomplished in accordance with requirements that are no less restrictive than those listed in NSF/ANSI 60. Certifi cation shall be accomplished by a certifi cation organization accredited by the American National Standards Institute.* See Sec. I.C of the foreword. Th ere are a number
17、 of water treatment plants in which aluminum sulfate of a higher iron content can be used without increasing the iron content of the treated water. If a purchaser determines that aluminum sulfate having a higher iron content can be used satisfactorily and, therefore, specifi es a higher permissible
18、iron content, aluminum sulfate with a higher iron content may be provided.Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ALUMINUM SULFATELIQUID, GROUND, OR LUMP 5SECTION 5: VERIFICATIONSec. 5.1 Sampling5.1.1 Sampling point. Samples shall be taken at the point of destination.5.1
19、.2 Lump or ground aluminum sulfate.5.1.2.1 If the aluminum sulfate is handled by conveyor or elevator, a mechanical sampling arrangement may be used.5.1.2.2 If the aluminum sulfate is packaged, 5 percent of the packages shall be sampled. No sample shall be taken from a broken package.5.1.2.3 In samp
20、ling lump material in bulk cars, sampling points shall be selected uniformly over the surface of the bulk material. Whenever possible, a minimum of 10 points at regular intervals shall be selected. At least 7 lb (3.2 kg) (about a shovelful) shall be taken at each point.5.1.2.4 Th e sample must inclu
21、de a proportionate amount of lumps and fi nes. Overburden should be removed as necessary to obtain access to representa-tive material.5.1.2.5 Ground aluminum sulfate in bulk carload shipments or in packages should be sampled using a sampling tube or other e ective device that measures at least 3/4 i
22、n. (19 mm) in diameter.5.1.2.6 Th e gross sample, weighing at least 50 lb (23 kg), shall be crushed, if necessary, and mixed thoroughly and divided to provide three 1-lb (0.5-kg) sam-ples. Th ese samples shall be sealed in airtight, moisture-proof glass containers.5.1.2.7 Th e 1-lb (0.5-kg) sample o
23、f lump aluminum sulfate delivered to the laboratory shall be quartered to approximately 100 g. Th is amount shall be reduced by mechanical grinding or grinding rapidly in a mortar by hand to such size that all of it passes a No. 30 sieve.*After thorough mixing, this sample shall be stored in an airt
24、ight glass container. Samples of ground aluminum sulfate are split in the same way, except that the samples need not be reduced by further pulverizing. Th e necessary amounts shall be weighed from the glass container rapidly to avoid change in moisture content.5.1.2.8 Each sample container shall be
25、labeled to identify it and shall be signed by the sampler. A chain-of-custody form shall accompany all samples and shall be properly completed by the individuals collecting samples.* ASTM E11.Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.6 AWWA B403-095.1.3 Liquid alum.5.1.3.1
26、 Equal portions shall be taken at fi ve equally spaced time intervals during the unloading of the tank truck or railroad car. Th e total sample shall equal 2 qt (2 L).5.1.3.2 Th e gross sample (2 qt 2 L) should be thoroughly mixed, and three 1-pt (0.5-L) samples retained. Th ey shall be sealed in ai
27、rtight glass containers.5.1.3.3 Each sample container shall be labeled to identify it and shall be signed by the sampler. A chain-of-custody form shall accompany all samples and shall be properly completed by the individuals collecting samples.Sec. 5.2 Test ProceduresGeneral5.2.1 Laboratory examinat
28、ion. Laboratory examination by the purchaser of one of the three samples shall be completed within fi ve days after receipt of the shipment.5.2.2 Safety. Th ose unfamiliar with the hazards of any chemicals used in the test procedures that follow should consult current manufacturers material safety a
29、nd health data sheets or other appropriate material safety and health references.Sec. 5.3 Speci c GravityTh e specifi c gravity of aluminum sulfate solution may be determined with reasonable accuracy by using a hydrometer that meets or exceeds the ASTM stan-dards for 117-H or by using a specifi c-gr
30、avity balance or a pycnometer. Th e alumi-num sulfate manufacturer should provide information showing percentage of alu-minum as Al or Al2O3for aluminum sulfate solutions of di erent specifi c-gravity readings.Sec. 5.4 Water-Insoluble Matter5.4.1 Procedure.5.4.1.1 Place a glass-fi ber fi lter disc i
31、n a Gooch crucible, dry at 105C to 110C, cool in a desiccator, and weigh to the nearest 0.001 g.5.4.1.2 Weigh out 20 g of dry aluminum sulfate or 40 g of liquid alum to the nearest 0.01 g. Dissolve the dry aluminum sulfate in approximately 150 mL of hot distilled water and stir for a few minutes. Di
32、lute the liquid alum in 150 mL of hot distilled water and stir.5.4.1.3 Filter through the prepared crucible. Wash the residue with hot dis-tilled water in at least three 25-mL rinses or until the fi ltrate is free from sulfates.* No white precipitant after 5 percent barium chloride solution addition
33、.Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ALUMINUM SULFATELIQUID, GROUND, OR LUMP 75.4.1.4 Dry in an oven to constant weight (nearest 0.001 g) at 105C to 110C and calculate the percentage of insoluble matter using the following formula:weight of insoluble residueweight of
34、 sample 100 = % insoluble matter(Eq 1)Sec. 5.5 Total Soluble Alumina and Aluminum5.5.1 Application. Th is method is applicable to regular and iron-free grades of aluminum sulfate, liquid and solid. Provisions are made for application to acidifi ed and high-basic liquid alums. Application is restrict
35、ed to alums in which the ratio of percent of free H2SO4to percent of total Al2O3does not exceed 0.85.5.5.2 Principle. Th e aluminum in the sample is complexed with an excess of standard ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution by boiling in the presence of an ammonium acetate bu er. Xylenol o
36、range is used as an indicator.5.5.3 Interference. Iron, if present, is also titrated; a correction must be made for it.5.5.4 Apparatus.5.5.4.1 Balance: analytical, readable to 0.0001 g.5.5.4.2 Balance: triple beam or equivalent, readable to 0.1 g.5.5.4.3 Beakers: one 1,500-mL, one 400-mL, one 250-mL
37、, one 150-mL, one 100-mL.5.5.4.4 Cylinders: graduated, one 500-mL, one 100-mL, one 50-mL, one 25-mL.5.5.4.5 Bottles: dropping, polyethylene or ground-glass pipette, one 125-mL, one 60-mL.5.5.4.6 Bottles: polyethylene, two 1-L.5.5.4.7 Burettes: class A, one 25-mL, one 10-mL.5.5.4.8 Flasks: Erlenmeyer
38、, one 500-mL, one 250-mL.5.5.4.9 Flasks: volumetric, one 1-L, one 500-mL.5.5.4.10 Pipette: volumetric/transfer, class A, one 50-mL.5.5.4.11 Syringe: disposable, Luer tip, without needle, 1 cm3, one syringe for each liquid-alum sample.5.5.4.12 Other apparatus: boiling chips, glass rods, beaker tongs.
39、5.5.5 Reagents.5.5.5.1 Water. Water used in the preparation of the reagents and in the procedure is either distilled or deionized.5.5.5.2 Ammonium acetate bu er. Dissolve 500 g of ammonium acetate in 500 mL of water in a 1,500-mL beaker. Add 20 mL of glacial acetic acid.Copyright 2010 American Water
40、 Works Association. All Rights Reserved.8 AWWA B403-095.5.5.3 EDTA solution, standard 0.05M. Prepare and standardize accord-ing to ASTM E200.5.5.5.4 Sulfuric acid solution 1:1. To 25 mL of water, carefully add, while stirring, 25 mL of sulfuric acid. Allow to cool. Store in a polyethylene or ground-
41、glass pipette dropping bottle.5.5.5.5 Xylenol-orange indicator solution, 0.1 percent. Dissolve 0.1 g of xylenol-orange tetrasodium salt in 100 mL of water. Store in a dropping bottle. Shelf life is approximately 6 months.5.5.5.6 Zinc sulfate solution, standard 0.05M. Dissolve 15 g of zinc sul-fate h
42、eptahydrate in water, transfer to a 1-L volumetric fl ask, and dilute to the mark with water. Standardize the zinc solution as follows: pipette 25.0 mL of standard 0.05M EDTA solution into a 250-mL Erlenmeyer fl ask. Add 50 mL of water, 24 to 25 mL of ammonium acetate bu er, and 3 to 4 drops of xyle
43、nol-orange indicator solution. Titrate the EDTA with the zinc sulfate solution from a 25-mL burette to a sharp color change from a tanyellow to redviolet. Calculate the factor F (see Eq 6) as follows:mL EDTA usedmL ZnSO4usedF = (Eq 2)5.5.6 Sample preparation for standard alum liquor and iron-free al
44、um liquor.*5.5.6.1 To a 500-mL Erlenmeyer fl ask or 400-mL beaker, add 50 mL of water.5.5.6.2 Fill a 1-cm3disposable syringe to the 1-cm3mark with the liquor sample. Wipe the Luer tip of the syringe with tissue and weigh the syringe plus sample to the nearest 0.1 mg.5.5.6.3 Transfer the sample to th
45、e beaker or fl ask. Reweigh the syringe to the nearest 0.1 mg and obtain the sample weight by di erence.5.5.6.4 Add two drops of 1:1 sulfuric acid and mix.5.5.6.5 Continue with step 1 of the procedure (Sec. 5.5.8).5.5.7 Sample preparation for all other alum products.5.5.7.1 Calculate the size sample
46、 to be used, as follows:11.5expected % total Al2O3grams sample = (Eq 3)* Where Al2O3is 8.0 to 9.4 percent and free Al2O3or free H2SO4is less than 0.5 percent.Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ALUMINUM SULFATELIQUID, GROUND, OR LUMP 9Weigh a sample of this size (0.1
47、 g), weighing with an accuracy of 0.001 g. Quantitatively transfer to a 400-mL beaker and dilute to about 300 mL with water.5.5.7.2 Add sulfuric acid in the amounts specifi ed below.1. For an alum product containing no more than a few tenths of a percent of either free Al2O3or free H2SO4, add 18 to
48、20 drops of 1:1 sulfuric acid to the beaker.2. For an acidifi ed alum product, calculate the quantity of sulfuric acid to be added as follows (see Sec. 5.5.10.1):19 grams sample % H2SO4in sample5drops H2SO4= (Eq 4)Add this quantity of 1:1 sulfuric acid to the beaker.3. For a special high-basic alum
49、product (alum containing more than a few tenths of a percent of free Al2O3), calculate the quantity of sulfuric acid to be added as follows:drops H2SO4= 19 + (grams sample % free Al2O3in sample 0.06) (Eq 5)Add this quantity of 1:1 sulfuric acid to the beaker.5.5.7.3 For dry alum samples, stir with a glass rod and heat, if necessary, to completely dissolve the sample. Cool the solution to room temperature and transfer quantitatively to a 500-mL volumetric fl ask. Dilute to the mark with water.5.5.7.4 Pipette 50.0 mL of the sample solution prepa
