1、Internal Corrosion Control in Water Distribution Systems Manual of Water Supply Practices M58 Second Edition Ideal crop marks Ideal crop marks 1P 350 30058-2E 5/17 IW www.awwa.org Dedicated to the worlds most important resource, AWWA sets the standard for water knowledge, management, and informed pu
2、blic policy. AWWA members provide solutions to improve public health, protect the environment, strengthen the economy, and enhance our quality of life. M58 W ater professionals know much about the problems caused by internal pipe corrosion: water quality degradation, customer complaints, reduced pip
3、e capacity, and home plumbing failures. Surprisingly, however, there is little practical guidance available to public water systems regarding the design, implementation, and maintenance of an ongoing internal corrosion control program. That is what prompted the publication of this AWWA manual of wat
4、er supply practices. With this practical manual, youll know how to control internal corrosion in metal pipes and plumbing pipes, ensure compliance with the USEPAs Lead and Copper Rule, and provide the best water quality to your water customers. M58 has everything you need about internal corrosion: C
5、auses of internal corrosion in water distribution systems Pipe problems and aesthetic and health issues caused by internal pipe corrosion Planning and implementing a monitoring and control program Advantages, disadvantages, and comparative costs of corrosion control chemicals Performing bench tests
6、and pilot tests Maintaining excellent water quality between the treatment plant and customer taps The second edition has been updated to consider new regulatory requirements as well as advancements in infrastructure. Case studies and specific examples have been added to further explain and highlight
7、 best practices. M58 Internal Corrosion Control in Water Distribution Systems, Second EditionInternal Corrosion Control in Water Distribution Systems Second Edition M58Printed on recycled paper Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, C
8、O 80235-3098 awwa.org hours of work by your fellow water professionals. Revenue from the sales of this AWWA material supports ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution, either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the water community. This AWWA conte
9、nt is the product of thousands of Manual of Water Supply PracticesM58, Second Edition Internal Corrosion Control in Water Distribution Systems Copyright 2011, 2017 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
10、 means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assum
11、e responsibility for the validity of the content or any consequences of its use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs
12、, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. Project Manager: Melissa Valentine Cover Art: Melanie Yamamoto Production: Glacier Publishing Services, Inc. Manuals Specialist: Sue Ba
13、ch Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for Names: Giani, Richard E., author. | Hill, Christopher P. Internal corrosioncontrol in water distribution systems. | American Water Works Association. Title: M58-internal corrosion control in water distribution systems / byRic
14、hard E. Giani. Other titles: Internal corrosion control in water distribution systems Description: Second edition. | Denver, CO : American Water Works Association,2017 | Earlier edition: Internal corrosion control in water distributionsystems / by Christopher P. Hill, Abigail F. Cantor. c2011. | Inc
15、ludesbibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017002003 | ISBN 9781625762023 Subjects: LCSH: Water-pipes-Corrosion. | Drinking water-Contamination. |Water-Distribution. | Corrosion and anti-corrosives-Testing. Classification: LCC TD491 .G49 2017 | DDC 628.1/44-dc23 LC record availabl
16、e at https:/lccn.loc .gov/2017002003 ISBN-13 978-1-62576-202-3 eISBN-13 978-1-61300-404-3iii AWWA Manual M58 Contents List of Figures, v List of Tables, ix Preface, xi Acknowledgments, xiii Chapter 1 Overview of Internal Corrosion Impacts in Drinking Water Distribution Systems 1 Introduction, 1 Purp
17、ose of This Manual, 1 Customer and Infrastructure Impacts of Internal Corrosion, 2 Regulatory Impacts, 6 Additional Reading, 12 References, 13 Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Internal Corrosion and Metal Release 19 Introduction, 19 Mechanisms of Metal Release by Uniform Corrosion, 20 Mechanisms of Metal R
18、elease by Microbiological Activity, 31 Mechanisms of Metal Release by Accumulation and Transport, 36 Other Mechanisms of Metal Release, 40 Summary, 42 References, 43 Chapter 3 Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment of Internal Corrosion and Increased Metals Concentrations 49 Introduction, 49 Part 1
19、: Water Quality Parameters Aff ecting Corrosion and Metals Release, 50 Part 2: Developing an Investigative Water Quality Monitoring Program, 73 Characterizing Corrosion Control and Metals Release, 77 Premise Plumbing Profi les, 86 Summary, 89 Additional Reading, 89 References, 90 Chapter 4 Corrosion
20、 Control Treatment Techniques 99 Introduction, 99 Corrosion Control Treatment, 100 Considerations for Corrosion Control Treatment Selection, 116 Bench Testing, 123 Coupon and Pipe Loop Tests, 126 Conclusion, 126 References, 127 Chapter 5 Distribution System Corrosion Control: Design, Operations, and
21、 Maintenance Techniques 133 Introduction, 133 Distribution System Design Considerations, 134 System Operations and Maintenance, 149iv INTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AWWA Manual M58 Pipe Rehabilitation, 159 Conclusion, 167 Additional Reading, 167 References, 168 Chapter 6 To
22、ols to Monitor Effectiveness of Corrosion Control and Metals Release Remediation 173 Introduction, 173 Monitoring Strategy, 174 Sampling Locations, 175 Types of Samples, 177 Coupon Studies, 184 Alternative Monitoring Approach, 186 Data Management and Analysis, 188 Summary, 196 References, 196 Index,
23、 199 List of AWWA Manuals, 207v AWWA Manual M58 Figures 1-1 Red-water sample from a US distribution system, 3 1-2 Number of large US water systems exceeding the lead action level, 8 1-3 Comparison of 90th percentile LCR monitoring data for 166 large public water systems, 8 2-1 Typical batt ery, 21 2
24、-2 Typical electrochemical interaction between water and metal pipe, 22 2-3 Barrier between water and metal pipe, 22 2-4 Graphical representation of lead carbonate solubility model, 24 2-5 Contaminant accumulation and release mechanisms that may occur in distribution system piping, 37 2-6 Inside a t
25、ransmission main, showing accumulated material around entire circumference, 37 2-7 Incorporation of inorganic material (which appears white) in biofi lm, 38 2-8 Characteristic horseshoe-shaped pit of erosion corrosion, 41 3-1 Variation of buff er intensity with pH, 52 3-2 Relationship between alkali
26、nity and DIC for various pH levels, 54 3-3 Eff ect of DIC (measured as C) on buff er intensity, 54 3-4 Impact of oxidants on iron release from corrosion scales , 57 3-5 Comparison of iron levels with and without DO during pipe rig stagnation trials, 58 3-6 Comparison of color concentration and rate
27、of color development with and without DO during pipe rig stagnation trials, 58 3-7 Eff ect of oxidant type on ORP in weakly buff ered deionized water, 59 3-8 Lead Pourbaix diagram for 0.015 mg/L Pb, 18 mg C/L DIC, and I = 0, 60 3-9 Iron Pourbaix diagram for a carbonate-containing water at 25C and I
28、= 0, 61 3-10 Copper Pourbaix diagram, 61 3-11 Impact of chloride-to-sulfate ratio on lead corrosion, 64 3-12 Linear regression R 2values for paired occurrence data from ice pig trials at two locations (AST and UPA) from a utility in Utah, 70 3-13 Occurrence distribution of trace and common matrix el
29、ements in distribution system deposits, 71 3-14 Overview of solid sample processing and analytical techniques, 82 3-15 Longitudinal cross sections of lead pipe showing diff erences in corrosion scales, 82 3-16 Pipes with lead-dioxide scales cut horizontally prior to XRD, 83 3-17 XRD patt ern for an
30、LSL from Washington, D.C., 84 3-18 Example of a capped pipe ready for transportation, 85 3-19 Example of a lead profi le at a residential home with a lead service line, 88 3-20 Example of a lead profi le at a residential home with galvanized internal plumbing and lead service line, 88vi INTERNAL COR
31、ROSION CONTROL IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AWWA Manual M58 4-1 Iron and manganese solubility, 106 4-2 Slurry slaker, 107 4-3 Paste slaker, 108 4-4 Ball mill lime slaker, 109 4-5 Type of phosphate inhibitor used by water utilities, 111 4-6 Reasons for using phosphate inhibitors, 111 4-7 Apparatus s
32、etup for filtering calcium carbonate and other precipitates such as iron, manganese, and phosphate, 125 5-1 Asbestoscement pipe, 136 5-2 Brass faucet fittings and faucets can contain as much as 8 percent lead by weight, 137 5-3 Bronze fitting typically used in premise plumbing, 137 5-4 Copper pipe c
33、ommonly used for service lines and premise plumbing, 138 5-5 Galvanized pipe commonly found in homes built before 1980 and may be a source of lead through iron adsorption and release, 138 5-6 Inside view of a tuberculated, unlined cast-iron main, 139 5-7 Harvested lead service lines, 140 5-8 Plastic
34、 water supply pipe, 141 5-9 Examples of couplings that can minimize galvanic corrosion on service lines, 142 5-10 Branched (A) and grid/loop (B) designs, 143 5-11 System design concepts to support main cleaning, 145 5-12 Dedicated pipe access station for swab launch or retrieval, 146 5-13 Portable a
35、utomatic flushing station with 2-in. flowmeter; semipermanent automatic flushing station, 148 5-14 Example of polyethylene casing for ductile-iron pipe, 149 5-15 Example of cathodic protection, using a sacrificial anode to protect the outer wall of a metallic pipe, 150 5-16 Corrosion scale on unline
36、d cast-iron pipe; metals-rich cohesive sludge on cement- mortar-lined ductile-iron pipe, 151 5-17 Step-velocity test illustrating solids bleeding effect at suboptimal velocity, 154 5-18 Sections of unlined cast-iron pipe after UDF and after ice pigging indicate preservation of corrosion tubercles th
37、roughout the ice pigging process, whereas UDF caused exposure to weaker tubercles and pipe scales that led to increased discolored-water complaints, 156 5-19 Bullet-shaped and cube-shaped polyurethane foam swabs, 156 5-20 Mechanical scraping head used to clean pipe scale, 157 5-21 Results for materi
38、al mobilized in terms of turbidity and iron (y-axis) versus shear stress of flushing (x-axis) following conditioning at three shear stresses, 158 5-22 Flow and turbidity record for a transmission main segment, 159 5-23 Application of cementmortar lining, 160 5-24 Example of pipe before and after cle
39、aning and lining with cement mortar, 160 5-25 Steel pipe with epoxy coating, 161 5-26 LSL cutting tool used to reduce cutting and disturbance during LSL replacement, 166FIGURES vii AWWA Manual M58 6-1 Flow-through AwwaRF pipe loop apparatus, 178 6-2 Mini pipe loop used as a distribution system monit
40、oring station in 1996, 179 6-3 Mini pipe loops of three metals for chemical treatment comparison in 1999, 179 6-4 PRS monitoring station, a standardized distribution system monitoring station, 181 6-5 View of plates sitting inside and stacked in open test chambers in a PRS monitoring station, 182 6-
41、6 Water Research Foundation Project 4317 pipe rig, 184 6-7 Typical copper coupons, 185 6-8 Typical coupon study apparatus, 185 6-9 Process flow chart for multi-level corrosion control sampling at total coliform sampling sites, 189 6-10 Example of a time series plot, 190 6-11 Summary of Shewhart cont
42、rol chart characteristics, 191 6-12 Shewhart control chart of Table 6-6 data, 193 6-13 Histogram examples of two datasets of lead concentration data, 195This page intentionally blank.ix AWWA Manual M58 Tables 1-1 Eight steps to implementing an eff ective corrosion control program, 2 1-2 Summary of p
43、otential copper corrosion issues, causes, and solutions, 5 2-1 Chapter 2 key points, 20 2-2 Solubility of various lead compounds found in drinking water, 26 2-3 Example of metal concentrations from fl ushing operations within one distribution system area comprised of multiple pipe materials, 39 2-4
44、Water quality conditions that aff ect deposit and trace contaminant stability, 40 3-1 Chapter 3 key points, 51 3-2 Impact of coagulant changes on lead corrosion, 63 3-3 Suggested water quality monitoring parameters, 74 3-4 Assessment of common corrosion-related water quality problems, 80 3-5 Distanc
45、evolume relationships for some common residential piping, useful for planning, sampling, and diagnosing lead sources, 87 4-1 Chapter 4 key points, 100 4-2 Advantages and disadvantages of various corrosion control treatment methods, 101 4-3 Characteristics of common corrosion control treatment chemic
46、als, 105 4-4 Potential impact of treatment changes on corrosion control, 120 4-5 Potential secondary impacts of corrosion control treatment, 121 4-6 Corrosion control technique selection criteria, 127 5-1 Chapter 5 key points, 134 5-2 Corrosion properties of materials frequently used in water distri
47、bution systems, 135 5-3 Galvanic couples that can cause severe corrosion, 141 5-4 General system design strategies to support cleaning loop development, 145 5-5 System design strategies to support foam swabbing, 146 5-6 Volumetric eff ect of pipe diameter, 147 5-7 Impacts of legacy deposits on water
48、 quality and corrosion control, 152 5-8 Classifi cation of main cleaning methods, 153 5-9 Pipe liningsSummary of applicable technology and recommended use, 162 6-1 Chapter 6 key points, 174 6-2 Water quality parameters related to categories of factors that shape water quality in distribution systems, 175 6-3 Summary of coupon protocols used for distribution system corrosion measures, 187 6-4 Example of Level 1 water quality parameters, 188 6-5 Example of Leve
