AWWA M68-2017 Water Quality in Distribution Systems.pdf
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1、Water Quality in Distribution Systems Manual of Water Supply Practices M68 Ideal crop marks Ideal crop marks 30068 (10/17) IW www.awwa.org Dedicated to the worlds most important resource, AWWA sets the standard for water knowledge, management, and informed public policy. AWWA members provide solutio
2、ns to improve public health, protect the environment, strengthen the economy, and enhance our quality of life. D istribution systems represent the last protective barrier available to water systems to maintain safe and high-quality water. This manual provides a “first stop” for common distribution s
3、ystem water quality challenges. M68 offers practical guidance and best management practices for maintaining and improving distribution system water quality. It will help drinking water utilities and professionals understand the factors that affect water quality, ways to address them and best practic
4、es for optimizing distribution system water quality. Each chapter within the manual focuses on a unique distribution challenge, how to characterize and respond to such challenge, and recommend best practices to address ongoing issues and optimization strategies. The manual covers a variety of topics
5、 such as corrosion, taste and odor concerns, microbiology, capacity and water age, and more. M68 includes numerous case studies to better show the applications discussed. The manual also provides a larger resources section where readers can find places for additional expertise. M68 M68 Water Quality
6、 in Distribution SystemsWater Quality in Distribution Systems M68 Manual of Water Supply PracticesAmerican Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 awwa.org Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-1-62576-226-9 eISBN-13 978-1-61300-423-4 Manual of Water Supply P
7、racticesM68 Water Quality in Distribution Systems Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitt ed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval
8、system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the writt en permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or any consequences of its use. In no event will
9、 AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AW
10、WAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. If you nd errors in this manual, please email booksawwa.org. Possible errata will be posted at www.awwa.org/resources-tools/resource.development.groups/manuals-program.aspx. Senior Managing Editor/Project Manager: Melissa Valentine
11、Cover art: Melanie Yamamoto Production: Janice Benight Manuals Specialist: Sue Bach Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Smith, Kira S., author. | Slabaugh, Rebecca, author. | American WaterWorks Association, issuing body. Title: Water quality in distribution systems / by Kira S
12、. Smith, RebeccaSlabaugh. Other titles: AWWA manual ; M68. Description: First edition. | Denver, CO : American Water Works Association,2017 | Series: AWWA ; M68 | Includes bibliographical references andindex. Identi ers: LCCN 2017028391 | ISBN 9781625762269 Subjects: LCSH: Water quality management.
13、| Water-Distribution. Classi cation: LCC TD365 .S62 2017 | DDC 628.1/44-dc23 LC record available at htt ps:/lccn.loc.gov/2017028391AWWA Manual M68 iii Contents List of Figures, vii List of Tables, xi Acknowledgments, xv Chapter 1 Introduction .1 Getting StartedHow to Identify a Problem or Challenge,
14、 2 Summary of Standards and Regulations, 6 References, 11 Chapter 2 Capacity and Water Age .13 Determining Capacity, 14 Determining Water Age, 21 Ways to Balance Capacity and Water Age, 24 Best Practices for Optimizing Distribution System Capacity and Water Age, 35 References, 37 Chapter 3 Understan
15、ding and Managing Biofi lm, Coliform Occurrence, and the Microbial Community .39 Microbial Growth Challenges in the Distribution System, 40 Summary of Regulatory Frameworks Applicable to Microbes in Distribution Systems, 50 Microbial Occurrence Pathways, 52 Microbial Indicators of Water Quality, 54
16、Techniques for Characterizing Microbial Communities, 60 Contributing Factors, Mitigation, and Corrective Actions for Microbial Occurrence Problems, 62 Best Practices to Mitigate and Manage Microbial Growth, 69 References, 71 Chapter 4 Infrastructure Integrity and Water Quality81 Factors That Affect
17、Physical Integrity, 82 Factors That Affect Water Quality, 84 Water Quality Indicators, 86 Addressing Water Quality Challenges, 86 Best Practices, 88 References, 97 Chapter 5 Taste, Odor, and Appearance 101 Aesthetic Water Quality Goals, 103 General Identification and Monitoring of Water Quality Aest
18、hetics in Distribution Systems, 103 Taste and Odor, 110 Appearance, 125 Summary and Recommendations, 131 References, 133iv AWWA Manual M68 Chapter 6 Nitrification 151 Disclaimer, 151 Nitrification, 152 Causes of Nitrification in Distribution Systems, 155 Examples of Nitrification, 163 Responses to C
19、ontrol Nitrification, 167 Nitrification Monitoring and Control Plan, 173 Nitrification Prevention, 180 Case Study, 185 Conclusions and Recommendations, 186 References, 188 Chapter 7 Corrosion Control .195 Water Quality Impacts, 196 Factors Affecting Corrosion-Related Water Quality, 201 Water Quality
20、 Monitoring, 210 Corrosion Control Methods, 216 Best Practices for Corrosion Control Through Distribution System Design, Operation, and Maintenance, 218 Summary, 225 References, 227 Chapter 8 Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products .233 Regulations, 234 Disinfectants, 239 Control Strategies, 248
21、Best Practices, 256 Summary, 258 References, 260 Chapter 9 Management of Low Pressure 267 Pressure Standards and Goals, 268 Causes of Depressurization and Intrusion, 269 Public Health Impact of Depressurization-Related Water Quality Problems 271 Tracking Depressurization-Related Water Quality Challe
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