1、American water works Association The Authoritative Resource for Safe Drinking WaterSM Advocacy Communications Conferences Education and Training Sections PScience and Technology Problem Organisms in Water: Identification and Treatment AWWA MANUAL M7 Third Edition American Water Works Association Sci
2、ence and Technolog)( AWWA unites the drinking water community by developing and distributing authoritative scientific and technological knowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advance public health and safety. AWWA also provides quality improv
3、ement programs for water and wastewater utilities. MANUAL OF WATER SUPPLY PRACTICES-M7, Third Edition Problem Organisms in Water: Identification and Treatment Copyright O 1966, 1995, 2004 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitt
4、ed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Project ManagedCopy Editor: Melissa Christensen P
5、roduction Editor: Carol Stearns Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Problem organisms in water : identification and treatment.-3rd ed. p. cm. - (AWWA manual ; M7) “Replaces AWWA manual M7, Animals associated with potable water supplies: Includes bibliographical references and index. o
6、perators identification guide (1966) by William M. Ingram and Alfred F. Bartsch-Foreword. ISBN 1-58321-292-2 1. Aquatic pests-Identification. 2. Aquatic pests-Control. I. Ingram, William Marcus, 1913- Animals associated with potable water supplies. II. American Water Works Association. III. Series.
7、TD491 .A49 no. M7 2003 TD427.A68 628.1611 628.1 s-dc22 2003060084 Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 ISBN 1-58321-292-2 Printed on recycled paper Contents List of Figures, v List of Tables, ix Foreword, xi Acknowledg
8、ments, xiii Introduction, xv Chapter 1 Actinomycetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biology and Ecology, 1 Significance for Water Supplies, 4 Control Strategies, 5 References, 5 Chapter 2 Iron Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biology and Ecology, 7 Significance for Water Supplies, 1
9、1 Control Strategies, 12 References, 15 Chapter 3 Sulfur Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biology and Ecology, 17 Significance for Water Supplies, 20 Control Strategies, 21 References, 22 Chapter 4 Nitrieing Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biology and Ecology, 23 Significance for
10、Water Supplies, 25 Control Strategies, 26 References, 27 Chapter 5 Nematodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biology and Ecology, 29 Significance for Water Supplies, 32 Control Strategies, 32 References, 33 Chapter 6 Bloodworms or Midges (Chironomid Larvae) . . . . . . Biology and Ecology, 35
11、Significance for Water Supplies, 37 Control Strategies, 38 References, 39 1 7 17 23 29 35 . 111 Chapter 7 Crustacea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biology and Ecology, 41 Significance for Water Supplies, 45 Control Strategies, 45 References, 46 Chapter 8 Rotifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12、 . . . . . . Biology and Ecology, 47 Si,gpificance for Water Supplies, 49 Control Strategies, 49 References, 50 Chapter 9 Zebra Mussels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biology and Ecology, 51 Significance for Water Supplies, 53 Control Strategies, 54 References, 56 Chapter 10 Algae . . . . . . .
13、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biology and Ecology, 57 Significance for Water Supplies, 57 Algal Divisions, 59 Control Strategies, 66 References, 66 Chapter 11 Protozoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biology and Ecology, 70 Significance for Water Supplies, 76 Control Strategies, 77 References
14、, 77 Appendix A AWWA Survey on Nuisance Organisms, 79 Appendix B Troubleshooting Guide for Problem Organisms, 87 41 47 51 57 69 Appendix C Suggestions for Optimizing Conventional Water Treatment, 91 Appendix D Actinomycete Culture Agars, 95 Appendix E Iron Bacteria Presence/Absence and Quantity Meth
15、ods, 99 Appendix F Color Section, 101 Abbreviations, 137 Index, 139 List of AWWA Manuals, 145 iv Figures 1-1 1-2 1-3 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 4- 1 4-2 5-1 5-2 5-3 6-1 6-2 6-3 7-1 7-2 Actinomycetes, phase contrast l,OOOx, 2 Actinomycetes, dark-field illumination
16、, 400x, 3 Bacterial colonies-typical colony versus actinomycete colony, 50x, 3 Single-celled iron bacterium Siderocapsa treubii, 8 Filaments of Sphaerotilus natans, 9 Laboratory culture of Gallionella ferruginea, 9 Stalk fragments of Gallionella ferruginea and iron-manganese precipitate, 10 Filament
17、ous iron bacteria recovered from well water. DIC microscopy, l,OOOx, 10 Partly filled impeller channel, 11 Largely clogged bowl volutes, 12 Column pipe with iron biofilm, 12 Clean versus clogged impellers, 13 Side view of a tubercle, 18 Cross section of a slime, 18 Cross section of a tubercle, 18 An
18、 SRB Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, 20 Beggiatoa, a colorless sulfur bacterium, 20 An operating water well being pumped, influence (suppressive) on SRB activity (theoretical), 21 Operational water well during period of quiescence (not pumping), causing the SRB activity to increase and the hydrogen sul
19、fide to spread (theoretical), 22 Electron micrograph showing cross section of a nitrifying bacterium, 24 Water quality parameters during a 1985 nitrification episode at Garvey Reservoir, Los Angeles County, Calif., 26 Roundworms (phylum Nematoda), 30 Nematode in bright-field, 200x, 31 Nematode at 25
20、0x, 32 Two-winged flies (order Diptera), 36 Pupa of a chironomid (Insecta, Chironomidae), 20x, dorsal view, 37 Parthenogenetically formed eggs in abdomen of a chironomid pupa (Insecta, Chironomidae), ventral view, 70x, 39 Crustaceans, 42 Crustaceans, 43 V 7-3 7-4 7-5 8- 1 8-2 9- 1 nn Y-L 9-3 9-4 9-5
21、 10-1 10-2 11-1 11-2 11-3 F- 1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F- 10 F-11 F-12 F-13 F- 14 F-15 F-16 F-17 F-18 Crustacean Bosmina with eggs, iodine stain, bright-field microscopy, 60x, 44 Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea, Isopoda), dorsal view, 5x, 45 The amphipod Hyallela azteca (1.0 cm) isolated from a
22、 point-of-use filter, 46 Rotifers (phylum Rotifera), 48 Rotifer, 200x, 49 Life cycle of the zebra mussel, 52 Adlt zebra mussel, 53 Zebra mussels encrusted on structure, 53 Veliger larvae of the zebra mussel, showing the velum extended at lower right, 54 Impact of zebra mussels on screens, 54 Algae,
23、Chrysophyte, Dinobryon (3 cells), and others, unstained bright-field, 240x, 62 Algae, Diatom, Asterionella, unstained bright-field microscopy, 120x, 63 Arcella (0.1 mm), 70 Paramecium (0.2 mm), 70 Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts stained by immunofluorescent antibody, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenyl
24、indole (DAPI), and Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, 72 Iron bacteria. Leptothrix (note sheath), l,OOOx, 102 Iron bacteria. Caulobacter (large “colony”), l,OOOx, 102 Iron bacteria. Thiobacillus ferro oxidans (note precipitated iron), l,OOOx, 103 Iron bacteria. Pseudomonas
25、, l,OOOx, 103 Sulfur bacteria. Thiobacillus (note precipitated sulfur), l,OOOx, 104 Sulfur bacteria. Beggiatoa (note sulfur granules), l,OOOx, 104 Sulfur bacteria. Thiothrix (note sulfur granules), l,OOOx, 105 Sulfur bacteria. Thiopedia (note sulfur granules), l,OOOx, 105 Nitrifying bacteria. Nitros
26、omonas (cocci), l,OOOx, 106 Nitrifying bacteria. Nitrobacter (rods), l,OOOx, 106 Nematode larva, 60x, 107 Nematode, 250x, 107 Chironomid. Head of a pupa, dorsal view, 1:7, 108 Chironomid. Pupa (Insecta, Chironomidae), ventral view, 1:20, 108 Chironomid. Pupa (Insecta, Chironomidae), ventral view, 1:
27、70, 109 Daphnia (2 mm), 110 Daphnia sp. Water Flea (Crustacea), 110 Cyclops (2 mm), 111 vi F-19 F-20 F-21 F-22 F-23 F-24 F-25 F-26 F-27 F-28 F-29 F-30 F-3 1 F-32 F-33 F-34 F-35 F-36 F-37 F-38 F-39 F-40 F-41 F-42 F-43 F-44 F-45 F-46 F-47 F-48 F-49 F-50 Cyclops sp. Water Flea (Crustacea), 111 Asellus
28、aquaticus (5 mm), 112 Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea, Isopoda), dorsal view, 1:5, 112 Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea, Isopoda), lateral view, 1:20, 113 Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea, Isopoda), head, dorsal view, 1:25, 113 Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea, Isopoda), head, ventral view, 1:100, 114 Faecal pelle
29、ts ofAsellus aquaticus, 1:4, 114 Faecal pellets of Asellus aquaticus containing bitumen, 1:40, 115 Faecal pellets ofAsellus aquaticus containing ron-rust, 1:40, 115 Rotifer. Monostyla, 60x, 116 Rotifer. Gastrotrich (Chaetonotus), 200x, 116 Protozoan. Ciliate, Vorticella, unstained, bright-field micr
30、oscopy, 120x, 117 Rotifers. Rotifer, 200x, 117 Gastrotrich, 200x, 118 Zebra mussels. Variations, 118 Zebra mussel larvae showing some disintegration, 119 Algae. Chlorophyte, Scenedesmus, unstained, bright-field microscopy, 120x, 119 Algae. Chrysophyte, Dinobryon (2 cells) and others, unstained, brig
31、ht-field microscopy, 240x, 120 Algae. Diatom, Asterionella, unstained, bright-field microscopy, 120x, 120 Algae. Diatom, fiagilaria, unstained, bright-field microscopy, 240x, 121 Algae. Diatom, Hannaea, unstained, bright-field microscopy, 240x, 121 Algae. Euglenophyte, Phacus, unstained, bright-fiel
32、d microscopy, 120x, 122 Algae. Anabaena Scherenietieri, bright-field microscopy, 400x, 122 Protozoa. Amoeba, 200x, 123 Protozoa. Flagellates, l,OOOx, 123 Protozoa. Free ciliate, 200x, 124 Protozoa. Stalked ciliate (stalks), 200x, 124 Protozoa. Giardia lamblia, 240x, 125 Protozoa. Cryptosporidium, 12
33、5 Cryptosporidium oocyst exhibiting sporozoites, DIC microscopy, l,OOOx, 126 Cryptosporidium oocyst exhibiting internal structures known as sporozoites, phase contrast, l,OOOx, 126 Giardia cyst and Cryptosporidium oocyst, stained with fluorescent antibody stain, l,OOOx, 127 vii F-51 F-52 F-53 F-54 F
34、-55 F-65 F-57 F-58 F-59 Giardia cyst exhibiting internal structures-nuclei, axonemes, median bodies, DIC microscopy, l,OOOx, 127 Taste-and-odor algae, 128 Filter-clogging algae, 129 Polluted-water algae, 130 Clean-water algae, 131 P!anWnn and surface algae, 132 Reservoir algae, 133 Wastewater-treatm
35、ent-pond algae, 134 Estuarine pollution algae, 135 . VI11 11-1 B-1 C-1 Taxonomic listing of protozoa potentially associated with potable water, 73 Troubleshooting guide for problem organisms, 88 Suggestions for optimizing conventional water treatment systems, 92 ix This page intentionally blank. For
36、eword The drinking water community shares its water systems with a world of microscopic living creatures. These creatures may contribute to numerous operational challenges, from problems in source water through finished water, including encrustation or cor- rosion within the water system and water q
37、uality problems at the customers tap. When water treatment problems arise due to these organisms, it is often difficult for an operator to locate help. This manual provides information regarding nuisance organisms, the problems they cause, treatment options, and references to literature resources. I
38、t is intended to be a “first stop” toward finding answers. This third edition replaces AWWA Manual M7, Problem Organisms in Water: Identi- fication and Treatment, 2nd edition. This complete revision of AWWA Manual M7 stems from the results of the 1989 AWWA Survey of Nuisance Organisms (appendix A) t
39、hat demonstrated a need for information to help identi and control these organisms. xi This page intentionally blank. Acknowledgments The AWWA Organisms in Water Committee thanks the following authors for sharing their knowledge and time: Chapter 1: John Lisle, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fl
40、a., and Bruce MucLeod and Chapter 2: Jennifer L. Claq, Clancy Environmental Consultants, St. Albans, N.Y., and Chapter 3: D. Roy Cullimore, Regina Water Research Institute, Regina, Sask. Chapter 4: Nancy I. Lieu and Roy L. WoZfe, Metropolitan Water District of Southern Chapter 5: Richard C. Lorenz,
41、City of Westerville, Westerville, Ohio Chapter 6: Jefiey Hoshaw, Peerless-NIidwest Inc., Mishawaka, Ind. Chapter 7: Eugene W Rice, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratow, USEPA, Cincinnati, Chapter 8: Glenn Matherem, Terre Bonne Parish Waterworks, Houma, La. Chapter 9: James R Lubner; University of Wi
42、sconsin Sea Grant Institute, Milwaukee, Wis. Chapter 10: George Zzaguirre, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, Chapter 11: +unk W Schuefir ZZI, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, USEPA, Mark Simpson, Manatee County Public Works Department, Bradenton, Fla. StuartR Smith,
43、 Ground Water Science, Upper Sandusky, Ohio California, La Verne, Calif. Ohio CdX Cincinnati, Ohio, and Susan N. Boutros, Environmental Associates Lu., Ithaca, N.Y. Thanks also to Angela Podesta for organizing the Nuisance Organisms survey and the chapters in the manual. The committee hopes that thi
44、s manual will be a useful resource for the water industry. Organisms in Water Committee M.M. Marshall, Chair, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. R.M. Hoffman, Vice-Chair, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, Wis. Zia Bukhari, American Water, Belleville, Ill. Keuin Connell, DynCorp &ET,
45、Alexandria, Va. Ricardo DeLeon, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, Calif. G.D. Di Giovanni, Texas A&M University System, El Paso, Texas C.R. Fricker, CRF Consulting, United Kingdom N. H. Hall, University Hygienic Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa P.T Klonicki, CH Diagnostic & Co
46、nsulting Services Inc., Loveland, Colo. A.B. Margolin, University of New Hampshire, Durham, N.H. WJ. Robertson, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont. P.A. Rochelle, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, Calif. I.W Schaefer, III, USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio D.M. Sharp, Tampa Water Departmen
47、t, Tampa, Fla. J.L. Sharpley, HDR Engineering, Bellevue, Wash. Michelle Smith, Baldwin City, Kan. Jon Standridge, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, Wis. Greg Sturbaum, CH Diagnostic & Consulting Service, Inc., Loveland, Colo. Giouanni Widmer, Tufts University, North Grafton, Mass. JT W
48、ierenga, City of Grand Rapids, West Olive, Mich. . x111 This page intentionally blank. Introduction In 1989 the Organisms in Water Committee of the American Water Works Association (AWWA) conducted a survey to determine problems that water utilities encounter due to organisms in water. Of the 80 sys
49、tems surveyed, only 7 indicated that they experi- enced no problems due to organisms in water. The other 73 systems had their hands full. These problems went beyond finding low levels of coliform bacteria in routine monitoring samples. The difficulties were related to “nuisance organisms,” microor- ganisms that cause problems with plant operations or with customers because of undesirable tastes, odors, color, or their mere presence in what is supposedly a clean glass of water. NUISANCE ORGANISMS SURVEY Appendix A presents the results of the Nuisance Organisms survey. Algal c
