1、Inclusive Urban Design.A guide to creating accessible public spacesDavid Bonnett AssociatesInclusive urban designA guide to creating accessible public spacesDavid Bonnett AssociatesFirst published in the UK in 2013By BSI Standards Limited 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4ALThe British Standards Ins
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5、not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.Typeset in Great Britain by and Other Short Stories Limited Printed in Great Britain by Berforts Group, www.berforts.co.ukBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is ava
6、ilable from the British LibraryISBN 978 0 580 815232iiiContentsAcknowledgements .ivForeword .v1.0 Introduction .11.1 Purpose of this guide .11.2 Inclusive design principles 31.3 Sustainability 41.4 Physical and mental maps . 51.5 Consulting with users. 61.6 Inclusive design process .81.7 Methodology
7、101.8 Law and planning context 141.9 Application of standards 162.0 Arrival 192.1 Inclusive road network .202.2 Public transport 212.3 Set-down/pick-up points 242.4 Parking provision 262.5 Pedestrian routes to entrances . 322.6 Vehicular entrances to site . 322.7 Pedestrian entrances . 343.0 Wayfind
8、ing and information 393.1 Legibility .403.2 Wayfinding 413.3 Sensory clues .423.4 Information and signage 434.0 Horizontal pedestrian circulation 494.1 Accessible routes 504.2 Other routes 564.3 Surface materials 574.4 Pedestrian/vehicular crossings . 634.5 Single surface and pedestrianized spaces 6
9、65.0 Vertical circulation .715.1 Lifting devices.725.2 Ramps .785.3 Escalators and moving walkways 855.4 Steps/stairs .906.0 Public facilities 996.1 Meeting points 996.2 Information points/centres 1026.3 Visitor attractions and other facilities 1056.4 Recreation and play facilities 1076.5 Sanitary f
10、acilities 1097.0 Public realm features 1117.1 Trees, planting and landscaping .1117.2 Water features . 1137.3 Street furniture 1157.4 Fences, guardrails and bollards.1177.5 Seating .1217.6 Bus shelters .1247.7 Cycle stands and routes 1277.8 Public telephones .1307.9 Outdoor caf/picnic areas 1337.10
11、Drainage outlets 1357.11 Lighting 1378.0 Management and maintenance 1398.1 Management 1408.2 Cleaning 1428.3 Maintenance .1449.0 Bibliography 147iv Inclusive urban designAcknowledgementsDr David Bonnett RIBAAdrian Cave OBE, RIBA, NRACPauline Nee MRICSMarine Semichon DPLG (France) MSc Inclusive Desig
12、nHelen Allen MA Landscape Architecture, MA Inclusive Design, NRAC Tamara Kocan MAAnn Alderson RIBAForeword vForewordThe moment you approach a building, especially one constructed or adapted in recent years, you become conscious of the world of regulation. The ramp tells you that the building is desi
13、gned to welcome those who cant use steps. Or the flush threshold says that wheelchair users will not face insuperable obstacles. Once inside, there are numerous features in every type of building that these days mean it is inclusive, that is to say reasonably convenient for all, not just those regar
14、ded as normal.Given the difficulties and dangers people may have faced in travelling to and arriving at a particular building, it seems as though legislators have made up for problems in the public realm by loading regulation onto building owners, implying that if buildings are acceptable, then ever
15、ything else will be too. Of course this is not the case, not least because of this curious disconnected way of thinking about the built environment in all its forms. The greatest hazards to mobility and use lie in the public arena, not the private, yet legislation and guidance is far more concerned
16、with the latter. In a sense that is a starting point for this valuable publication which is about solutions for the urban environment. Its value, however, lies less in its general proposition about the desirability of inclusive design (with which few would disagree), than in the practical guidance i
17、t offers about how to achieve inclusivity without resorting to a demand for hundreds of detailed new regulations. There is existing legislation and there are existing regulations, but then there are better and worse ways of complying with, and indeed thinking about them. There are also things that c
18、lients and designers know, or need to know, which cannot be covered by law for example strategies for management and maintenance. Even where there are clear regulatory environments, there are still multiple choices to be made which require a common understanding and a coherent framework within which
19、 those choices can be made.This guide provides that framework, based on many years of design, observation and testing. Much of it, quite apart from its specific implications for inclusivity, is rooted in principles of good urban design, without which individual buildings (however well-designed) can
20、scarcely be described as truly accessible. As ever, and as the guide makes clear, design principles need to be understood and deployed in the early stages of design. While it is not always the case, most buildings either include public realm elements or certainly need to respond to them. This guide
21、will help inform that process, in addition to offering guidance on what are sometimes thought of as ancillary issues, but which loom large in the lives of those for whom the built environment has to be endlessly negotiated, rather than appreciated and enjoyed.The principles espoused here are warmly
22、endorsed by Design Council Cabe, which through its design review and design guidance programmes has tried to promote inclusivity as an inherent principle for architects and urbanists, rather than as a late-stage add-on in the design process. This is a welcome publication, and the necessity for it is
23、 not only timely but overdue. Paul Finch, Chairman, Design Council Cabevi Inclusive urban designIntroduction 11.0 Introduction1.1 Purpose of this guideAimsThis guide describes the principles and processes by which the objectives of inclusive design in the public realm can be assessed and delivered a
24、s part of a project.The purpose of the guide is to inform planners, urban designers, landscape architects and their clients how to create accessible and barrier-free public spaces, so that they can be confidently and safely used by all.In carrying out this task, the guide first draws together curren
25、t relevant access standards relating to the external environment, cross-referencing sources other than British Standards where appropriate.Second, the guide also sets out the processes by which these standards become embedded into the design process, especially in the early design stages. Finally, t
26、he guide refers to the contribution that can be made by user consultation. This is a long-neglected aspect of the design process, due to the belief that published standards are sufficient on their own. They are not, and are certainly no substitute for the knowledge that local consultation can bring.
27、The guide will be helpful not only to designers responsible for delivering a quality product, but also to policy-makers and planning authorities responsible for defining quality with regard to public spaces (see Figure 1.1).Figure 1.1: Bradford Pool, Gillespies Landscape Architects, well designed pu
28、blic spaces are welcoming to all, photograph courtesy of Bradford District Council.2 Inclusive urban designIntroduction 31.2 Inclusive design principlesQuality of public spacesInclusive design makes an important contribution to the quality of public spaces by maximizing their use and appeal to the w
29、idest number of people (Figure 1.2). The premise of inclusive design is that it should be possible to design the physical environment in a way that addresses the needs of disabled people, with consequential benefits for others, including older people and parents with small children.A mainstream appr
30、oachBy adopting a mainstream approach as opposed to focusing on special needs, inclusive design should achieve its purpose unobtrusively and with the minimum of additional features and gadgets. In other words, it should meet the widest possible range of needs by offering choice rather than by focusi
31、ng on a particular group.IndependenceIndependent use of the built environment is substantially determined by the availability of choice. This is critical to disabled people who have developed coping skills over their lifetime, but also to older people with reducing abilities at a time of life when i
32、t is difficult to learn new skills and adapt quickly.Competing considerationsIn designing external public spaces, a balance has to be achieved between competing considerations. These include the consequences of change for historic settings; cultural and traditional use of spaces; and also concerns f
33、or aesthetics and sustainability. These are the challenges that this guide addresses. In so doing, it draws particular but fresh attention to well understood objectives such as effective wayfinding and ease of movement between levels, as well as the need for suitable public facilities and a sense of
34、 safety and comfort. Ideas are explored concerning shared spaces, signage and information, and each with the aim of encouraging greater use and enjoyment of public spaces.Both English Heritages Conservation Principles and the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) provide further advice on unders
35、tanding these values.Future researchMuch more on these subjects needs to be researched and tested, for example, the creation of shared spaces with calm areas sheltered from the noise of traffic.The key challenge for this guide will be the extent to which it can generate interest in inclusive design
36、by stimulating further publications and research.Figure 1.2: The flight of steps have become a destination in themselves.4 Inclusive urban design1.3 SustainabilitySince first published by the Government in 2003, the Sustainable Communities Plan (SCP) has encouraged a holistic approach to urban desig
37、n and planning. Arguably, this objective is carried forward by the 2012 NPPF whose main objectives for sustainable communities relate to long-term environmental and economic success, but also social success. In the words of Sir John Egan:The key components for sustainable communities, as advocated b
38、y Egan, make a direct or indirect reference to the relevance of inclusive design (Figure 1.3). More specifically, useful reference can be made to the principal factors as follows: Lifespan: inclusive design can increase the lifespan of a building or a public space by encouraging adaptability and fle
39、xibility (for example, Lifetime Homes for housing). Social inclusion: inclusive design increases social inclusion for people of all ages, ethnicity, backgrounds and abilities. Density: inclusive design supports the argument for denser urban development with good public transport and encourages bette
40、r pedestrian networks (walkable streets). Quality: inclusive design underlines the need for good quality materials that need less frequent maintenance and replacement.A sustainable community meets the needs of all its citizens so that the most disadvantaged arent left behind.Sustainable communities:
41、 People, places and prosperity, January 2005.Figure 1.3: Public space in New York encourages a variety of activities, photograph courtesy of Tamara Kocan.Introduction 51.4 Physical and mental mapsOne of the aims of inclusive design is to improve the legibility of the urban environment for everyone.
42、The ways in which people experience their environment is greatly influenced by their own mental maps of the area and the extent to which these may be easily understood. These considerations are important for all members of the public and particularly for some disabled and older people.The image of t
43、he city, written by Kevin Lynch in 1960, has become a classic in the field of urban planning. It has particular relevance as the concept of legibility becomes increasingly recognized in the design and appraisal of urban development and the public realm. According to Lynch, the mental maps of people
44、in the urban environment are made up of five distinct elements: 1. paths;2. edges;3. districts;4. nodes;5. landmarks. These elements have a close connection to the factors that should be taken into account in the analysis of urban planning and development and its inclusivity.Table 1.1 summarizes the
45、 relationship between the elements of The image of the city and typical features of an access analysis: such an analysis would be relied upon to support an access statement for planning approval.Access statements for the public realm could usefully combine the elements of The Image of the City and c
46、onsiderations of access and inclusive design. In particular, plans marked up to show access routes and features could also show paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks.Table 1.1: Image of the city/Access and inclusive designThe Image of the CityAccess and inclusive design Inclusive design consi
47、derations for the public realmPaths The streets, rail tracks, trails and other channels along which people move.Identification of primary and secondary access routes, particularly for pedestrians.Edges Clear transition zones and linear boundaries, for example between water and the city.Boundaries to
48、 primary and secondary routes that support an understanding of place.Districts Quarters, neighbourhoods and other subsections of the city each with a distinctive character.Distinctive areas that are clearly signposted. Each may have meeting places with seats and resting places.Nodes Strategic meetin
49、g points, such as city squares, junctions or railway stations.A point at which an onward direction is decided upon. Meeting places with seats and resting places.Landmarks Physical objects that serve as general public reference points.Recognizable features to assist legibility, orientation and wayfinding.Source: Lessons from Lynch, Hospers GJ, Town and country planning, vol. 79, no. 12, Dec 2010, pp. 553556.6 Inclusive urban design1.5 Consulting with usersIn publicly funded projects there is an expectation of consultation with local people as the future users of a new
