1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 4428:1989 Incorporating Amendment No. 1 Code of practice for general landscape operations (excluding hard surfaces) UDC 712.3/.7:(083.75)BS4428:1989 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Basic Data and Performance Criteria for Civil Engineering and
2、 Building Structures Standards Committee,was published underthe authority of the Board ofBSI and comes into effect on 31 August 1989 First published April 1969 First revision August 1989 BSI 03-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference BDB/5 Draft for
3、 comment 87/10155 DC ISBN 0 580 17194 9 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Basic Data and Performance Criteria for Civil Engineering and Building Structures Standards Committee (BDB/-) to Technical Committee BDB/5, upon whic
4、h the following bodies were represented: Arboricultural Association Association of County Councils Association of District Councils Association of Metropolitan Authorities Building Employers Confederation Construction Health and Safety Group Department of the Environment, Property Services Agency En
5、gineering Equipment and Materials Users Association Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors Federation of Manufacturers of Construction Equipment and Cranes Federation of Piling Specialists Health and Safety Executive Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors Institute of Building Con
6、trol Institute of Clerks of Works of Great Britain Inc. Institution of Civil Engineers Institution of Environmental Health Officers Institution of Structural Engineers Landscape Institute National Council of Building Materials Producers National Federation of Demolition Contractors Royal Institute o
7、f British Architects Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Scottish Development Department Trades Union Congress The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through subcommittees and panels: Association of Playing Fields Officers and Landscape Managers British Aggr
8、egate Construction Materials Industries British Association of Landscape Industries British Railways Board Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales Forestry Commission Horticultural Trades Association Institute of Groundsmanship Institute of Leisure and Amenity Management National Playing Fi
9、elds Association Royal Town Planning Institute Sand and Gravel Association Limited Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date of issue Comments 6784 September 1991 Indicated by a sideline in the marginBS4428:1989 BSI 03-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword i
10、ii Section 1. General 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Definitions 1 Section 2. Preliminary investigations 2.1 Site investigations before operations 2 2.2 Site enclosures 3 2.3 Existing services 3 2.4 Existing vegetation 3 2.5 Stripping and storage of topsoil and subsoil 4 2.6 Existing artefacts 4 Section 3. Drainag
11、e 3.1 General 5 3.2 Information needed for the design of drainage for general grass landscaped areas 5 3.3 Design 5 3.4 Outlets 6 3.5 Drainage systems 6 Section 4. Grading and cultivation 4.1 Synopsis of operations needed 11 4.2 Recommended gradients 11 4.3 Work near trees 11 4.4 Category A: Major g
12、rading 11 4.5 Category B: Minor grading 15 4.6 Category C: Surface cultivation, and regulating within the topsoil depth 15 4.7 Category D: Surface cultivation only 15 4.8 Topsoil 16 4.9 Fallow period 16 Section 5. Seeding of grass areas 5.1 Seed 18 5.2 Fertilizing 18 5.3 Preparation of seed bed 18 5
13、.4 Turf edging to seeded areas 18 5.5 Sowing 18 5.6 Sowing on steep banks 18 5.7 Herbicide in young swards 19 5.8 Initial cut 19 Section 6. Turfing 6.1 Turf 20 6.2 Final preparation 20 6.3 Turf laying 20 6.4 Turfing to banks exceeding 30 21 6.5 Watering 21 Section 7. Amenity tree planting 7.1 Planti
14、ng stock 22 7.2 Trees in relation to construction 22 7.3 Site preparation 22BS4428:1989 BSI 03-1999 Page 7.4 Planting season 22 7.5 Plant handling 22 7.6 Tree pits 22 7.7 Staking 22 7.8 Planting 25 7.9 Tying 25 7.10 Aftercare 25 Section 8. Woodland planting 8.1 Planting stock 27 8.2 Preparation for
15、planting on existing or former woodland sites 27 8.3 Site preparation on new planting sites 27 8.4 Planting 28 8.5 Protection 28 8.6 Aftercare 28 8.7 Fertilizers 28 Section 9. Planting of shrubs, herbaceous plants and bulbs 9.1 Nursery stock 29 9.2 Site preparation 29 9.3 Planting season 29 9.4 Grou
16、nd and weather conditions 29 9.5 Containers and wrappings 29 9.6 Roots 29 9.7 Planting of shrubs (except climbers and wall shrubs) 29 9.8 Planting of climbers and wall shrubs 30 9.9 Herbaceous plants 30 9.10 Bulbs 30 9.11 Hedges and screens 30 9.12 Completion 30 9.13 Protection 30 9.14 Aftercare 31
17、Figure 1 Typical subsoil drainage for intensive use 9 Figure 2 Mole drains: plan 10 Figure 3 Maintenance of grass slopes 12 Figure 4 Groundworks for planting and grassing 17 Figure 5 Turf laying: flexible use of stretcher bond, whilst maintaining whole turves around perimeter 20 Figure 6 Tree stakin
18、g and tying 23 Figure 7 Example of tree tie 23 Figure 8 Double staking suitable for trees for advanced nursery stock 24 Figure 9 Slanting stakes for hillsides or exposed situations 25 Table 1 Relationship between soil permeability and subsoil drainage 10 Publications referred to 32BS4428:1989 BSI 03
19、-1999 iii Foreword This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Basic Data and Performance Criteria for Civil Engineering and Building Structures Standards Committee. It is a revision of BS4428:1969, which is now withdrawn. Attention is drawn to BS3998, BS4043 and BS5837. A Bri
20、tish Standard concerning recommendations for grounds maintenance, including the maintenance of grass areas is being prepared. Attention is also drawn to Practice Note 3: Building near Trees, published by and available from the National House-Building Council, Chiltern Avenue, Amersham, Buckinghamshi
21、re. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document compri
22、ses a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 32, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on theinside front cover.iv blankBS4428:1989 BSI
23、03-1999 1 Section 1. General 1.1 Scope This British Standard code of practice gives recommendations for the following general landscape operations (excluding hard surfaces): a) preliminary investigations; b) drainage; c) grading and cultivation; d) seeding of grass areas; e) turfing; f) amenity tree
24、 planting; g) woodland planting; h) planting of shrubs, herbaceous plants and bulbs. The recommendations of the code of practice take account of current techniques, equipment and materials; and are restricted to general landscape operations. Intensively used and specialized sports areas such as play
25、ing fields, bowling greens, cricket tables and golf greens are excluded from the revision, both because they are specialized and because they are covered by Sports Ground Construction/Specification: 1975 issued by the National Playing Fields Association and the Sports Turf Research Institute. The co
26、de of practice does, however, include recommendations for the gradients of sports fields that are not covered by the National Playing Fields Association technical publication Gradients for Outdoor Sports Facilities: 1983 (see4.2.3). The code does not cover the planting of alpine and aquatic plants.
27、NOTEThe titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on page 32. 1.2 Definitions For the purposes of this British Standard the definitions given in BS2468 and BS6100 apply, together with the following. 1.2.1 major grading adjustment of contours when final levels can only be ach
28、ieved by the removal of organic and partially organic surface soils (topsoil and subsoil) and by excavating and grading inert soils beneath the subsoil layer 1.2.2 minor grading formation of true running contours by blade grading and movement of subsoil following the removal of topsoil 1.2.3 regulat
29、ing formation of true running contours by blade grading and movement of topsoil only 1.2.4 subsoil layer immediately below topsoil and above inert parent material, which is less well structured and less biologically active than topsoil but which acts as a source of plant nutrients and moisture 1.2.5
30、 topsoil original surface layer of grassland or cultivated land; usually a darker shade of brown, grey or red than the subsoil that lies immediately beneath it because it contains organic matter intimately mixed with the mineral matterBS4428:1989 2 BSI 03-1999 Section 2. Preliminary investigations 2
31、.1 Site investigations before operations 2.1.1 Consultation A desk study of available information relating to a site should be undertaken prior to performing any physical investigations and the following should be consulted. a) Geological and/or soil survey maps for a general indication of the drift
32、 and rock or soil type. b) Statutory undertakings for the presence of underground apparatus and apparatus above ground, which might restrict the operation of construction plant (see also 2.3 and 2.6); and local planning authorities for the existence of Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and
33、 Tree Preservation Orders (TPO). c) Appendices A and B of BS 5930:1981, which give guidance on methods of site investigation and sources of information. When reclamation of made ground is to be undertaken, specialist advice should be obtained regarding the investigation of possible contaminants with
34、in the fill, and reference should be made to DD175. See also4.4.5. 2.1.2 Topsoil The following investigations should be performed depending upon the nature of grading or cultivation work to be carried out. a) Ascertaining of depths over entire site, e.g. by setting out a grid at, say, 30m centres an
35、d determining depths by methods given in 2.1.4. b) Investigation of the quality of topsoil to ascertain that it is suitable for the intended purpose (to sustain active or healthy growth), or that it can be rendered suitable (see also BS3882). The facilities of the National Agricultural Development a
36、nd Advisory Service, agricultural colleges, the Sports Turf Research Institute and independent consultants should be used to pin-point deficiencies if they appear to exist. 2.1.3 Subsoil and general excavations Inspection should be carried out to a depth of atleast 750mm below the level of lowest ex
37、cavation, to determine the nature of the subsoil and underlying soils, and to establish the presence or otherwise of underground water and rock deposits. One of the following methods should be used. a) Hand auger: in moist clays and soils free from stones (depths below about 0.5m are difficult). b)
38、Hand excavation: shallow trial pits can be excavated by hand to about 1.5m depth but become relatively expensive, compared with mechanical excavations, with increasing depth. c) Tractor mounted digger: tractor mounted diggers can excavate trial pits down to 5m depth in most soils and weak rocks. Whe
39、n it is intended that pits are to be entered for examination of the soils in situ, the sides should be supported or battered back to stable slopes. NOTESafety measures and trench support systems in relation to trial pits are discussed in BS5930 and BS6031. d) Mounted mechanical auger: mounted mechan
40、ical augers can be used for samples in excess of 30m depth in soils free from rock and boulders, though with some difficulty in dry, sandy, soils; auger sizes range from 225mm to900mm diameter. e) Light cable percussion boring rig: light boring rigs are specially designed for ground investigation wo
41、rk in soils and weak rock to 60m depth in suitable strata. f) Rotary drill: rotary drilling to produce core samples is used for rock exploration. NOTEIt is generally unnecessary to examine the subsoil and deeper deposits at the same intervals as the topsoil, if conditions are expected to be uniform.
42、 Special techniques have to be used when undisturbed samples are needed (see BS5930 for further details). Methods of testing are described in BS1377. 2.1.4 Recording Results of investigations should be logged and the results should be presented on a vertical diagram giving the following details: a)
43、weather conditions at the time; b) ground level to Ordnance Datum; c) depth and description of organic topsoil; d) depth and description of subsoil; e) depth and types of excavated material; f) level of water-table or zone of saturation. 2.1.5 Drainage investigations Reference should be made to 2.3
44、and 3.2. 2.1.6 Other investigations Areas of rock should be plotted as far as possible by additional trial boring or other methods. An estimate should be made of the proportion of stone in the topsoil (see BS3882). Road access for heavy machinery and low loaders should be determined and temporary ro
45、ads on the site should be defined on plans of the site. NOTEObservation and tests may be necessary to determine the permeability of the ground for drainage purposes. Relevant instrumentation and methods of test are given in BS5930 and BS1377.BS4428:1989 BSI 03-1999 3 2.2 Site enclosures The location
46、 of site boundaries should be established before work commences and fencing should be erected as necessary. Temporary fencing for the protection of the public should be maintained in good and effective condition until work is completed. Temporary fencing should then be removed. NOTE 1The type of fen
47、cing used will depend upon a number of factors, e.g. the location of the site, the likelihood of trespass and pilfering, the degree of danger to persons accidentally trespassing, and the extent to which persons or plant could interfere with or cause damage to adjoining properties or protected vegeta
48、tion and artefacts. NOTE 2Urban sites are more likely to need protection than rural ones. Particular site requirements will affect the type of fence selected. It may be possible to alter or adapt existing site fencing to suit the timing and pattern of works. 2.3 Existing services The appropriate sta
49、tutory undertakings and pipeline agencies should be contacted and as far as possible the location of all service runs, such as water supply, gas, electricity (overhead and underground), telephone and existing drainage systems (including land drainage, springs and watercourses) should be ascertained before work is started and should be marked upon a plan, giving their position, size and depth. If necessary, they should be exposed by hand excavations. The position and depth of all underground apparatus on the site should be verified, marked and, if necessary,
