1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI British StandardsWB9423_BSI_StandardColCov_noK_AW:BSI FRONT COVERS 5/9/08 12:55 Page 1Fire tests on building materials and structures Part 10: Guide to the principles, selection, roleand application
2、of fire testing and their outputsBS 476-10:2009NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAPublishing and copyright informationThe BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued: BSI 2008ISBN 978 0 580 56656 1ICS 13.220.50The foll
3、owing BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference FSH/21 and FSH/22Draft for comment 07/30147204 DCPublication historyFirst published November 1983Second (current edition), December 2008Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS 476-10:2009Con
4、tentsForeword iiIntroduction 11 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions 64 Selection of the appropriate test method 75 Reaction to fire tests 106 Fire resistance tests 157 Semi-natural tests 288 External fire performance 29Bibliography 36List of figuresFigure 1 Typical temperature/tim
5、e relationship of a fire with thevarious fire tests superimposed on it to show their limits ofapplicability 8Figure 2 Possible fire growth mechanisms 11Figure 3 Routes of potential fire spread 17Figure 4 Routes of fire spread on roofs and external face ofbuildings 30Figure 5 Mean heat flux versus ti
6、me profile used in BS 8414 31List of tablesTable 1 Intensity of radiated heat (based on BS 476-3:2004,Table B.1) 30Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages ito iv, pages 1 to 40, an inside back cover and a back cover.BS 476-10:2009BRITISH STANDARDBSI 2008.i
7、ForewordPublishing informationThis part of BS 476 is published by BSI and came into effect on1 January 2009. It was prepared by Technical Committee FSH/21,Reaction to fire tests, and FSH/22, Fire resistance tests. A list oforganizations represented on these committees can be obtained onrequest to th
8、eir secretaries.SupersessionThis part of BS 476 supersedes BS 476-10:1983, which is withdrawn.Relationship with other publicationsThis part of BS 476 describes the general principles and application ofthe methods in the series of standards for fire testing.Fire tests are used extensively in support
9、of national fire safetylegislation, primarily in the context of prescriptive regulations (orregulatory guidance). The outputs of these tests may also be used,with caution, to support a fire safety strategy that has been generatedusing the functional approach to regulations. Any of the tests used toc
10、haracterize the reaction to fire, or fire resistance of a material/construction, only represents one of many possible fire scenarios.Outputs from fire tests are used in the assessment of fire risks and,similarly to using the results in the context of a fire safety strategy, thelimitations on the val
11、idity of the results need to be considered whenapplying them. Guidance on the use of fire tests in the context ofhazard assessment is found in BS 6336.Because of the UKs membership of the EU and its adoption of theConstruction Products Directive (CPD) 1, UK legislation now fullyembraces the range of
12、 European test and classification standardsproduced by CEN. These standards are required to support theharmonized Product Standards and European Technical Approvals(ETAs) used for the purpose of CE marking of construction products.These European Standards sometimes measure similar characteristicsto
13、the British Standards, but some of them measure totally differentfire characteristics. Where there are equivalent standards to thosewithin the British Standards, these are identified and the differencesare discussed.Similarly, with the growth in world trade, the International StandardsOrganization (
14、ISO) has taken on a more important role. Under theVienna Agreement, much effort has been allocated to harmonizingCEN and ISO tests. This has resulted in the production of a number ofidentical EN ISO fire test standards. Additionally, a range of ISO firetest methods is also available that reflects th
15、e more diverserequirements of the international market. Where possible, theequivalent ISO test method is identified and the differences are given.However, for the avoidance of doubt, it needs to be understood thatthe use of ISO fire test methods (except when they have been adoptedby CEN) is only vol
16、untary in the UK, and the results obtained cannot beused for the purpose of CE marking of construction products.BS 476-10:2009 BRITISH STANDARDii.BSI 2008The titles of the parts are as follows:a) Fire tests for (products) materials:*Part 4: Non-combustibility test for materials;*Part 6: Method of te
17、st for fire propagation for products;*Part 7: Method of test to determine the classification of thesurface spread of flame of products;*Part 11: Method for assessing the heat emission from buildingmaterials;*Part 12: Method for measuring the ignitability of productsusing direct flame impingement;*Pa
18、rt 13: Method of measuring the ignitability of productssubjected to thermal irradiance;*Part 15: Method of measuring the rate of heat release ofproducts;*Part 33: Full-scale room test for surface products.b) Fire resistance tests for elements of building construction:*Part 20: Method for determinati
19、on of the fire resistance ofelements of construction (general principles;*Part 21: Methods for the determination of the fire resistanceof load bearing elements of building construction;*Part 22: Methods for the determination of the fire resistanceof non-loadbearing elements of construction;*Part 23:
20、 Methods for the determination of the contributionprovided by components and elements to the fire resistanceof a structure;*Part 24: Method for determination of the fire resistance ofventilation ducts.c) Fire test for external fire exposure:*Part 3: Classification and method of test for external fir
21、eexposure to roofs.d) Miscellaneous fire tests:*Part 31.1: Methods for measuring smoke penetration throughdoorsets and shutter assemblies at ambient temperatures;*Part 32: Guide to full scale fire tests within buildings.The results of tests performed in accordance with BS 476 are not beused to demon
22、strate conformity to Essential Requirement 2 (ER2) ofthe European Construction Products Directive (CPD) 1 or anyassociated classification system, and therefore are not to be used forthe purposes of CE marking of products.Information about this documentThis is a full revision of the standard, taking
23、into account changes inlegislation and new standards published since 1983.This part of BS 476 is not intended to be used for determining theconformity of any product or construction to Essential Requirement 2of the European Construction Product Directive 1.BS 476-10:2009BRITISH STANDARDBSI 2008.iiiH
24、azard warningsWARNING. This British Standard calls for the use of substances and/or procedures that can be injurious to health if adequateprecautions are not taken. It refers only to technical suitability anddoes not absolve the user from legal obligations relating to healthand safety at any stage.U
25、se of this documentAs a guide, this part of BS 476 takes the form of guidance andrecommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specificationand particular care should be taken to ensure that claims ofcompliance are not misleading.It has been assumed in the preparation of this British Stan
26、dard thatthe execution of its provisions will be entrusted to appropriatelyqualified and experienced people, for whose use it has beenproduced.Presentational conventionsThe provisions in this standard are presented in roman (i.e. upright)type. Its recommendations are expressed in sentences in which
27、theprincipal auxiliary verb is should.Commentary, explanation and general informative material ispresented in smaller italic type, and does not constitute a normativeelement.Contractual and legal considerationsThis publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Us
28、ers are responsible for its correctapplication.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.BS 476-10:2009 BRITISH STANDARDiv.BSI 2008IntroductionFire in buildings produces a scenario that puts lives at risk eitherdirectly, by exposure to the fire conditions, or in
29、directly, as a result ofthe response of the building to exposure to fire. Potential responses ofthe building that could represent a risk to life safety include:a) ease of ignition, resulting in early involvement;b) high rates of heat release;c) rapid spread of fire on surfaces;d) production of exces
30、sive volumes of smoke;e) excessive heat flow through separating elements of structure;f) excessive distortion of the structure;g) collapse of the structure under self-weight or imposed loads;h) other unspecified behaviour, e.g. melting and dripping.These characteristics are established by the engine
31、ering application ofdata generated by well-targeted fire tests. Generally, characteristicsthat relate to the response of the materials are established by meansof reduced scale bench tests, and those characteristics that controlthe behaviour of elements of construction are determined by largerscale t
32、ests on specimens of the structural elements.It is important that these tests are repeatable and reproducible andhave some relationship with a reference scenario. Product orconstruction characteristics determined against ad hoc tests havelimited applicability outside the testing parameters that were
33、modelled by the test arrangements, e.g. ignition source, fuel quantityand rate of heat release and oxygen availability. The intention ofstandard test methods derived by a representative body is to achieverepeatability and reproducibility (albeit many tests are now publishedas desk studies without th
34、e desired round robin testing takingplace), but this is notoriously difficult to demonstrate for fireresistance, in particular, because of variations in conditions and testfurnaces from one test facility to another. Reproducibility andrepeatability of individual product performance can only beadequa
35、tely demonstrated for that particular product by repeat testingin different test facilities.Historically, the tests used within the design/regulatory frameworkwere national tests designed for evaluating products and/orconstructions generated in the country in which the final structure wasbeing built
36、 because these reflect both the indigenous building formsand the national acceptance of risk (either stated or inferred). In theUK, the methods of test that most reflected these national aspectswere British Standards generated by Technical Committees thatincluded most stakeholders, e.g. regulators,
37、manufacturers, designers,and end-users, who produced testing standards by consensus.Major changes have taken place in the recent past, including:1) the single European market for construction products has comeinto being;2) the growth in world trade has increased significantly giving anydesigner a wi
38、de choice of products;BS 476-10:2009BRITISH STANDARDBSI 2008.13) there is now a greater awareness of the field of application of firetests: direct, extended and project-specific field of application,partly as a result of 1).These changes unltimately led to the generation of the ConstructionProducts
39、Directive (CPD 1), which laid down common objectives thatmaterials and elements had to satisfy if they were not to compromisethe perceived levels of safety that exists in the individual memberstates.These targets were transformed into criteria which, in turn, becamethe basis for differentiating betw
40、een products within a new pan-European range of fire tests generated by CEN (Committee Europeande Normalisation). As with British Standards, these EuropeanStandards were derived by representative groups of stakeholders,mainly regulators and testing authorities from across the EuropeanUnion, and acce
41、pted by weighted voting. Whilst the EuropeanStandards attempted to incorporate procedures and apparatus thatwere in use throughout Europe, they invariably required majoradaptations, or the design of new apparatus to achieve the agreedobjectives.Tests on structural elements to determine the fire resi
42、stance ofconstructions always had a fairly common basis (ISO 834, firstpublished in 1965) around the world. Therefore, harmonization of thelarger scale tests generated less radical changes to the procedures thanwas the case with material tests. European tests developed todetermine the reaction to fi
43、re of materials required the generationof new apparatus and procedures, whereas most of the changes wereeither procedural or related to the instrumentation in the field of fireresistance.World trade evolved a need for a range of standards to be availablearound the world to allow international trade
44、in constructionproducts. As in Europe, there are a number of regional tradingalliances that allow the free passage of products within those areasbut which have little or no relevance in other parts of the world. TheInternational Standards Organization (ISO) was set up to generatestandards for use ac
45、ross the globe.This has a double objective: when multi-national bodies procureproducts they can be specified against procedures and standards thatare available worldwide, and the standards can be adopted quicklyand economically by nations that do not have their own standards inplace for any product
46、or procedure. As with CEN, these standards havebeen drawn up with stakeholder input, this time drawn from thewhole of the world.International Standards are not intended to have a divisive influence:they are required to reflect existing national and regional standards asmuch as possible. As a consequ
47、ence, a number of the available ISOstandards are a fusion between European, American and Pacific RimStandards.To reduce the amount of deviation between standards, agreementshave been reached, e.g. the Vienna Accord between CEN and ISO. Itimposes a need to consider the suitability of each others exis
48、tingstandards on both organizations, adopting them where possible,rather than generating new tests or product standards.BS 476-10:2009 BRITISH STANDARD2.BSI 2008The final change in relation to the development and use of standardsrelates to the validity of the application of the results. In prescript
49、iveregulations, it was enough to pass the test prescribed in thelegislation. With the move away from prescriptive to functionallegislation, much greater responsibility stays with the design teamwho have to assure that the building will satisfy the fire objectivesagainst which it was designed.When dealing with most tests, results established at test scale will notbe reproduced at the as-built size. However, most standard fire tests(BS, EN and to a lesser extent ISO) have been developed to classifyconstruction products. This provides a basis
