1、BS 6543 : 1985 UDC 628,477: 624.01 t691 I Y Q British Standards Institution. No part of this publication may be photocopied or otherwise reproduced without the pior permission in writing of ES1 British Standard Guide to Use of industrial by-products and waste materials in building and civil engineer
2、ing Guide demploi des sous-produits et matriaux de rcupration des industries du btiment et des travaux publics Leitfaden zur Weiterverwendung von Neben- und Abfallprodukten im Hoch- und Tiefbau e British Standards Institution -+- A BSI BS*b543 85 m Lb24bb7 001713b L 9 BS 6543 : 1985 Foreword This Br
3、itish Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Road Engineering Standards Committee, Many millions of tonnes of the waste materials and industrial by-products available are potentially capable of a substantial contribution to the countrys demands for aggregates, fill materials and other
4、 construction materials. Certain of the waste materials and industrial by-products are partially or fully utilized, Blastfurnace slag, pulverized- fuel ash and colliery spoil are the materials with the greatest proportions already being used. Blastfurnace slags are extensively used in roadmaking, bo
5、th as an aggregate and, when granulated, as a cementitious binding agent. They are processed to provide dense or light-weight aggregates for concrete and they also provide part of the raw material for blastfurnace slag cements. Pulverized-fuel ash is used in road construction and is also used in con
6、crete as a pozzolan and is processed to form light-weight aggregates. There are British Standard specifications for these two materials, e.g. BS 1047 and BS 3892. The greatest potential outlet for colliery spoil is in bulk earthworks. The Department of the Environments Advisory Committee on Aggregat
7、es emphasized strongly the contribution that waste materials and industrial by-products can make in meeting the need for aggregates and recommended studies with a view to maximizing this contribution. In their response, the Secretaries of State referred to the limited potential contribution of waste
8、 materials towards meeting the total demand for aggregates, particularly in terms of quality and cost when compared with natural materials. They undertook to consider the steps that might be necessary to gain a further and regular appreciation of the amount of use of waste materials, including the p
9、reparation of a British Standard (.e. this guide) on their use in road and building construction. The current view of the Department of the Environment 1 J is that waste materials and by-products are unlikely to make a major contribution to augment the supply of natural aggregates in present market
10、conditions, However, in some regions significant quantities are used so there may be potential for the increased use of such materials and this should be encouraged wherever possible, This guide is intended to present engineers, builders, architects and planners with a state of the art review on app
11、lications for the major waste materials and industrial by-products in civil engineering. Attention is particularly drawn to the fact that the technologies of some of the materials referred to in this guide are undergoing rapid development. The guide does not cover any aspects of land reclamation, al
12、though a code of practice for The identification and investigation of contaminated land is in preparation by a separate BSI committee. NOTE. The numbers in square brackets used throughout the text of this standard refer to the bibliographic references given in appendix A. Compliance with a British S
13、tandard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Contents Foreword Committees responsible Page Inside front cover Back cover Guide Section one. General O Introduction 1 Scope 2 Materials and their general characteristics 3 Health and safety 4 Restoration 5 Economics Section two. Us
14、es in road construction 6 Introduction 7 Earthworks construction 8 Capping layers and selected fill 9 Unbound sub-bases 1 O Cement-bound and bituminous-bound sub-bases 11 Unbound base materials 12 Cment-bound bases 13 Bituminous-bound bases 14 Pavement quality concrete for roads 15 Flexible surfacin
15、gs Section three. Uses in building 16 Introduction 17 Fill in building 18 Aggregates for concrete 19 Artificial aggregate 20 Cementitious materials 21 Cement manufacture 22 Bricks 23 Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks Appendices A Bibliography B Flow diagrams C Classification of sub-base materials T
16、ables 1 Availability of the major industrial by-products and waste materials 2 Chemical properties 3 Mineralogy and composition 4 Thickness of selected fill for capping layers 5 Grading limits for type 1 and type 2 granular sub-base materials 6 Range of grading limits for cemented roadbase materials
17、 7 Cement content 8 Recommendations for concrete exposed to sulphate attack 9 Classification of sub-base materials Figures 1 Locations of material sources 2 Determining suitability for road-works 3 Determining suitability for earthworks 4 Determining suitability for building l i/ 1 2 2 2 8 9 9 10 10
18、 12 14 16 16 16 20 20 20 21 21 24 25 25 26 26 27 28 29 35 5 6 7 13 14 17 18 22 35 3 29 33 34 BSI BS*b543 5 U 1b2Vbb9 0019138 5 BS 6543 : 1985 Guide. Section one Section one. General O Introduction The basic properties required for technical effectiveness and acceptance of industrial by-products and
19、waste materials are that they should perform their intended functions throughout their particular design lives without exhibiting effects deleterious to the environment or associated constructional features. Research, field trials and general use have demonstrated that the principal by-products and
20、waste materials described in this guide can normally perform these functions if used in the applications described in this guide. Within the limits imposed by relevant properties, the use of these industrial by-products and waste materials is to a considerable extent dependent upon their economic vi
21、ability. From environmental considerations, it is desirable that more waste materials should be used instead of natural aggregates. Such use produces benefit by reducing industrial dereliction, making land at present covered with unsightly spoil tips available for use, conserving supplies of natural
22、 aggregates and reducing the need to open new quarries and pits. Each of these in itself would justify the use of by- products and wastes and taken together they present an overwhelming case for encouraging, wherever possible, the use of such materials in place of natural aggregates. In pursuit of t
23、his aim, the purpose of sections two and three of this guide is to bring about the greater use of these materials by describing the various materials that are available and to give guidance on their use. i Scope This British Standard gives guidance on the use of industrial by-products and waste mate
24、rials in the construction industry, including road construction, building and civil engineering, The materials covered are residues from a number of extractive and processing industries and the standard has been restricted to those residues which are produced in the largest quantities and which have
25、 some potential for use in the construction industry. The standard also deals with the environmental and economic aspects of the utilization of industrial by-products and waste materials. NOTE 1. A bibliography is given in appendix A. Numbers in square brackets in the text refer to references in app
26、endix A. Flow diagrams are included in appendix B as aids to the decision taking process. NOTE 2. The titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 2 Materials and their general characteristics 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 The materials covered by this standa
27、rd are listed in table 1 with approximate figures for annual production, stockpiles, amounts used at present and with a guide to the main areas where these materials are produced. The map in figure 1 also shows the locations of production areas and stockpiles. The chemical and mineralogical properti
28、es of the materials are summarized in tables 2 and 3. 2.1.2 It is important that the use of waste materials and by-products should be based on an adequate knowledge of their properties and performance. The best guarantee of this is the use of a material covered by a British Standard, In many cases,
29、however, especially where performance criteria are less stringent, standards do not yet exist and this guide concentrates on use in these circumstances, 2.2 Colliery spoil Colliery spoil is the waste from the mining of coal and is deposited in large tips. Older tips often ignited and the materials i
30、n these are generally a mixture of unburnt, partially burnt and well burnt spoil. Tips formed more recently comprise predominately the unburnt material and are usually constructed in layers compacted by earthmoving equipment to improve stability and ensure they do not ignite. The composition of the
31、spoil varies according to its origin, .e. whether from one or several coal seams or from the driving of roadways through non-coal bearing rock and according to whether it was processed by a coal washery or burnt in the tip. The properties of colliery spoil can therefore vary considerably both within
32、 a tip and from tip to tip. This should be borne in mind when sampling. The most common rock types found in colliery spoil are mudstones, siltstones, shales, seat earths, sandstones and, in some areas, limestones. The waste from coal seams contains carbonaceous matter and unseparated coal. The coars
33、er waste from the coal washeries dumped directly from the mine has a wide range of grading, from large lumps of rock to clay fraction size. Some breakdown of the materials in the spoil is likely. When first deposited, the unburnt spoil is usually grey to black in colour and has a significant clay mi
34、neral content. When burnt it usually becomes reddish in appearance (though lack of oxygen during cooling may produce a blackish colour) and is mechanically stronger. The fine tailings from coal recovery plants are often deposited in lagoons on the tip. They tend to contain more sulphate minerals and
35、 carbonaceous matter, 2 BS 6543 : 1985 Section one o r- J m Y - .- a 8 3i C O C, I- a 2 U L 5 2 cn U C m Y- O ln Lo 5 c a C C C C U C U + f - * - BS 6543 : 1985 Section one - I IC -d A BS 6543 : 1985 Section one BSI BS*b543 85 M w Y % - Y O O O 0 O +- ? 3 O 0 E 2 6 E P 3 P O 4- 4- al - I- ? P 3 +d C
36、 al c C u I 6 BS 6543 : 1985 Section one Major components Material Colliery spoil Clay minerals, quartz Blastfurnace slag Mel i I i te Minor components Siderite, calcite, pyrite, coal Dicalcium silicate, rankinite, merwinite, anorthite, monticellite, spinel Steel slag Dicalcium silicate, calcium fer
37、rites, metal oxide, solid solutions Tricalcium silicate, free lime (Cao), free magnesia (MgO), metallic iron, magnetite China clay sand Quartz Feldspar, tourmaline, mica I I State I Clay minerais I Quartz, haematite, rutile Incinerator residue Pu Iverized-fuel ash Metals, glass, dust, cinders, paper
38、 Rag, plastics, vegetable materials, putrescible materials Glassy phases, haematite, magnetite, - quartz 2.3 Spent oil shale Oil was extracted from shales in the Lothian Region of Scotland for nearly 100 years until 1962 and the spent oil shale, .e. shale after processing, was deposited in large tip
39、s (bings). Waste from the associated mining operations was usually deposited in separate tips, Spent oil shale is generally of a pinkish appearance and consists of particles generally smaller than 50 mm in size. Being fairly soft, it crushes easily under compaction to give a finer grading. 2.4 Pulve
40、rized-fuel ash Pulverized-fuel ash (p.f.a.1 is the fine powder removed from the exhaust gases of power stations which burn pulverized coal. It varies in colour from light to dark grey depending on the unburnt carbon content. Much of the ash is deposited in stockpiles or lagoons, In the latter case,
41、the particle size varies within the lagoon, the finer material being furthest from the outfall, Alternatively, the ash may be held in hoppers at the power station, available either as a free flowing dry powder or conditioned with water to a moist semi-damp mass. When deposited, the latter may gradua
42、lly harden to produce material like soft sandstone. 2.5 Furnace bottom ash and clinker Furnace bottom ash is the coarser agglomerated material recovered from the bottoms of the combustion chambers of power station boilers fired with pulverized fuel. In appearance it ranges from a highly vitrified, g
43、lossy and heavy material to a light-weight, open textured and more friable type. The precise nature of the material will depend on the boiler plant and coal type. It is sometimes found mixed with p.f.a. in stockpiles. The production of clinker from power station boilers using chain grate stokers has
44、 almost ceased but some may still be obtained from other sources, 2.6 Wastes from quarries All stages of quarrying produce some waste. The wastes are as follows: (a) overburden, which is stripped before the mineral is extracted; (b) waste within the quarry consisting of poor quality stone; (c) vein
45、materials; (d) scalpings, comprising material rejected during crushing and screening; (e) reject fines from washing and screening, including the dust from cyclone dust extractors. Some quarry wastes which occur in locally large quantities are as follows. (1) China clay waste, which includes coarse s
46、and, waste rock, overburden and a fine micaceous residue left after the extraction of china clay, In general, only sand is used in building and civil engineering, the other by-products being too variable in composition. (2) Slate waste, which consists largely of slate rock left after the quarrying a
47、nd fashioning of slate roofing tiles and other products. (3) Hassock, a soft calcareous or argillaceous sandstone left after the quarrying of a hard or sandy limestone known as ragstone. Care should be taken in the use of wastes from the mining or quarrying of metal ores as these often have high con
48、centrations of metallic contaminants which may pose hazards to public health or the growth of plants if used as fill or cover materials on residential sites. 7 BSI BS*bSL13 85 LbZ4bb4 OOLLL15 2 W BS 6543 : 1985 Section one 2.7 Incinerated refuse The direct incineration of domestic and trade refuse l
49、eaves a clinker material, containing iron and other metals, glass and cinders together with smaller amounts of unburnt papers, rags and vegetable matter. In addition, a fine dust is extracted by precipitation from the combustion flue. Little information is yet available on the composition or usefulness of the fine dust except that the composition is variable and on occasions a high proportion of heavy metals may be present. Some of the clinker may also contain appreciable quantities of heavy metals and care should be
