1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 6931:1988 Glossary of Terms for copper and copper alloys UDC 669.3:001.4BS6931:1988 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Non-ferrous Metals Standards Committee, waspublished under the authorityof the Board of BSIandcomes intoeffecton 31March1988 B
2、SI 11-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference NFM/34 Draft for comment 85/40891DC ISBN 0 580 16409 8 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Non-ferrous Metals Standards Committe
3、e (NFM/-) to Technical Committee NFM/34, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Non-ferrous Metals Federation Copper Development Association London Metal Exchange Non-ferrous Metal Stockists Society of British Aerospace Companies Limited Coopted member Amendments issued since publ
4、ication Amd. No. Date of issue CommentsBS6931:1988 BSI 11-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii 1 Scope 1 Section 1. Materials 1 Section 2. Unrefined coppers 2 Section 3. Refined coppers 2 Section 4. Copper alloys 3 Section 5. Refinery shapes 4 Section 6. Casting
5、s 4 Section 7. Wrought product forms 5 Section 8. Processes 7 Appendix A Dividing line between copper and copper alloys 11 Index Figure 1 Corners 8 Figure 2 Examples of cross sections of rod and wire 8 Figure 3 Examples of cross sections of hollow rods 8 Figure 4 Examples of cross sections of wire r
6、od (drawing stock) 8 Figure 5 Examples of cross sections of tube 9 Figure 6 Examples of cross sections of solid sections (solid profiles) 9 Figure 7 Examples of cross sections of hollow sections (hollow profiles) 10 Figure 8 Edges 10 Table 1 Limiting content of other elements in refined copper 2 Pub
7、lication referred to Inside back coverBS6931:1988 ii BSI 11-1999 Foreword This British Standard glossary has been prepared under the direction of the Non-ferrous Metals Standards Committee and replaces BS1420 “Glossary of terms applicable to wrought products in copper, zinc and their alloys” which w
8、as withdrawn in1983. BS1420 covered definitions of terms applicable to zinc and its alloys as well as copper, whereas this glossary gives the meaning of terms when applied to copper and its alloys. Some of the terms may be used for other metals, and indeed many are in common everyday use, but this g
9、lossary gives the meaning to be understood when they are applied to copper and copper alloys. This glossary is based, to a very large extent, on ISO197 prepared by Technical Committee TC26 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Some changes have, however, been made to make it m
10、ore truly representative of current usage of the terms in the UK, whereas ISO197 has taken considerable account of the usage of English terms in other countries. The aim of the glossary is to provide definitions of terms which are technically realistic but which can also be used for statistics and f
11、or legal and commercial transactions. Non-preferred terms are given in less prominent type beneath the preferred term. Appendix A gives details of the dividing line between copper and copper alloys. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of B
12、ritish Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages1 to12, an inside back cover and a back co
13、ver. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.BS6931:1988 BSI 11-1999 1 1 Scope This British Standard glossary defines terms used to describe copper and copper alloys, product
14、 forms and the processes by which they are made. Those definitions marked with an asterisk (*) are identical with the definitions in ISO197. NOTE 1Throughout this standard compositions are given in terms of percentage by mass. NOTE 2The title of the publication referred to in this standard is given
15、on the inside back cover. Section 1. Materials No. Term Definition 101 alloy A metallic substance consisting of more than one element usually and predominantly, but not exclusively, metallic which are intentionally included or retained. NOTE 1Most commercial alloys, including those of copper, consis
16、t of a predominant metallic element present in a greater concentration than any other element and one or more elements which are usually, but not exclusively, metallic and which are intentionally added or retained. NOTE 2SeeAppendix A for the dividing line between refined copper and copper alloys. 1
17、02 alloying element A metallic or non-metallic element intentionally added to, or retained in, an alloy for the purpose of giving the alloy certain properties. 103 impurity A metallic or non-metallic element present in a metal or alloy but which has not intentionally been added or retained. 104 mast
18、er alloy An alloy intended only for addition to a melt to adjust composition. 105 casting alloy *An alloy primarily intended for the production of castings. 106 cast metal Metal which has solidified from the liquid state in a mould and which has not subsequently been worked to eradicate or change su
19、bstantially the cast structure. 107 hot working alloy An alloy intended primarily for final working at elevated temperatures into wrought semi-finished products. 108 cold working alloy An alloy intended primarily for final working at ambient temperature to give wrought semi-finished products. 109 wr
20、ought metal Metal which has been subjected to sufficient mechanical and thermal treatment to eradicate or change substantially the original crystal structure and which is usually cast. 110 heat-treatable alloy An alloy capable of being strengthened or having other properties changed, other than the
21、removal of work hardening or internal stresses, by suitable thermal treatment. 111 non-heat-treatable alloy An alloy which is incapable of having its properties significantly changed by heat treatment, other than by annealing for the removal of work hardening or internal stresses.BS6931:1988 2 BSI 1
22、1-1999 Section 2. Unrefined coppers Section 3. Refined coppers (see alsoAppendix A) No. Term Definition 201 copper matte *An intermediate product consisting mainly of ferrous and cuprous sulphides, which is oxidized in converters to produce metallic copper, usually termed blister copper. 202 black c
23、opper *An impure form of copper produced by smelting impure copper scrap and/or oxidized copper ores, usually in a blast furnace. The copper content varies widely, usually in a range of approximately60% to85%. 203 blister copper *An impure form of copper produced by blowing air through molten copper
24、 matte. During the conversion process, sulphur, iron and other impurities are oxidized. The copper content is normally about98%. 204 anode copper An impure form of copper made by the further removal of sulphur and oxygen from blister copper in the molten state. NOTEAnode copper is cast into shapes s
25、uitable for use as expendable anodes, which are the raw material input to the electrolytic refining of copper. 205 cement copper *An impure, finely divided mixture of copper and copper oxide obtained by precipitation of copper usually by iron (cementation) from aqueous solution of copper compounds.
26、The copper content, dry basis, varies widely, usually in a range of approximately50% to85%. No. Term Definition 301 refined copper Either *a) metal with a minimum content of99.85% of copper; or *b) metal with a minimum content of97.5% of copper, provided that the content by mass of any other element
27、 does not exceed the limits given inTable 1. Table 1 Limiting content of other elements in refined copper Element Limiting content % Silver 0.25 Arsenic 0.5 Cadmium 1.3 Chromium 1.4 Magnesium 0.8 Lead 1.5 Sulphur 0.7 Tin 0.8 Tellurium 0.8 Zinc 1.0 Zirconium 0.3 Other elements aeach 0.3 a Other eleme
28、nts are, for example, aluminium, beryllium, cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel, silicon. NOTEThe definitions302 to304 refer to those refined coppers having a minimum copper content of99.85%. They originate from one or more of the refining methods defined in section8.BS6931:1988 BSI 11-1999 3 Section 4.
29、 Copper alloys (see alsoAppendix A) No. Term Definition 302 oxygen-free copper *Copper containing neither copper(I) oxide nor any residue of deoxidizers. 303 tough pitch copper *Copper containing a controlled amount of oxygen in the form of copper(I) oxide. 304 deoxidized copper *Copper free from co
30、pper(I) oxide and containing controlled amounts of metallic or metalloidal deoxidizers, such as phosphorus, lithium, boron, calcium. The phosphorus-deoxidized copper is most commonly used. No. Term Definition 401 copper-zinc alloys: brasses *Alloys of copper and zinc, with or without other elements.
31、 When other elements are present: a) zinc predominates by mass over each of such other elements; b) any nickel content is less than5%; c) any tin content is less than3%. 402 copper-tin alloys: tin bronzes Alloys with copper and tin, with or without other elements. When other elements are present tin
32、 predominates by mass over each of such other elements. 403 copper-tin-phosphorus alloys; phosphor bronzes Alloys conforming to the definition of tin bronzes in402 but having a specified minimum phosphorus content. 404 copper-nickel-zinc alloys; nickel silvers *Alloys of copper, nickel and zinc, wit
33、h or without other elements. The nickel content is5% or more. 405 copper-nickel alloys; cupro-nickels *Alloys of copper and nickel with or without other elements, but in any case not more than1% of zinc. When other elements are present, nickel predominates by mass over each of the other elements. 40
34、6 copper-aluminium alloys; aluminium bronzes Alloys of copper and aluminium, with or without other elements. When elements other than aluminium are present, aluminium predominates by mass over each of the other elements. NOTE 1The word “bronze” tends to be used for any alloy of copper which is not a
35、 brass, a nickel silver, or a cupro-nickel. To have any real meaning it should be prefixed by reference to the major alloying element or that with the greatest effect on the properties of the alloy. Examples are aluminium bronze and silicon bronze. NOTE 2The use of the term “manganese bronzes” to re
36、fer to high tensile brasses is obsolete since these alloys fall within the definition of brasses and in them manganese is not a specially important alloying element. 407 copper-tin-zinc alloys; gun-metals Alloys of copper, tin and zinc, possibly with other alloying elements, in which tin is the majo
37、r alloying element. 408 copper-tin-zinc-lead alloys; leaded gun-metals Alloys of copper, tin, zinc and lead, possibly with other alloying elements. Any of the elements tin, zinc or lead may be the predominant alloying element. 409 copper-tin-lead alloys; leaded bronzes Alloys of copper, tin and lead
38、, possibly with other alloying elements.BS6931:1988 4 BSI 11-1999 Section 5. Refinery shapes (unwrought intermediate products) Section 6. Castings No. Term Definition 501 refinery shapes A general term for copper products obtained by refining and usually melting and casting, which have not been subs
39、equently hot or cold worked, and which are intended for further processing. NOTEExamples of refinery shapes are cathodes, wire bars, cakes, billets and ingots. 502 cathode A flat, unwrought copper shape made by electrolytic deposition and normally used for remelting, but sometimes used in small segm
40、ents for barrel plating. 503 wire bar A cast shape, normally of approximately square cross section, with tapered ends, principally used for hot rolling into rod or flat products for subsequent processing into wire, strip or profile. 504 cake slab A cast shape of rectangular cross section generally u
41、sed for rolling into plate, sheet, strip or foil. 505 billet A cast shape of circular cross section used for the production of tube, rod, bar, profiles or forgings. 506 ingot A cast shape in a form suitable only for remelting. NOTE 1“Ingots” are sometimes called “ingot bars”. NOTE 2“Ingots” of metal
42、s other than copper and copper alloys may be differently defined,e.g.steel “ingots” are intended for further working. No. Term Definition 601 a casting *A general term for a product at or near finished shape, formed by solidification of a molten metal or alloy in a mould. 602 sand casting *A casting
43、 formed in a sand mould. 603 gravity die casting permanent mould casting chill casting *A casting formed in a metal mould, the molten metal being introduced by gravity, low-pressure feed or vacuum. 604 pressure die casting die casting *A casting formed in a metal mould, the molten metal being introd
44、uced under high pressure. 605 centrifugal casting *A casting formed by centrifugal force in a rotating mould, the major axis of the casting coinciding with the axis of rotation, and the thickness of the casting being determined by the dimensions of the mould and quantity of metal poured. NOTEThis te
45、rm should not be confused with the production of a casting under centrifugal pressure. 606 continuous casting *A casting formed by supplying metal continuously to a mould, and withdrawing it continuously from some other part of the mould as it solidifies, the length of the casting being independent
46、of the mould dimensions. 607 investment casting A casting formed in a mould, made by investing a ceramic mixture round a pattern, usually made from wax and subsequently removed by heating.BS6931:1988 BSI 11-1999 5 Section 7. Wrought product forms In this section, the aim has been to define product f
47、orms unambiguously and to state dividing lines which allow all semi-finished copper and copper alloy products likely to be encountered to be classified. While the scope of this section is confined to wrought product forms, some of these forms such as forging stock may also be cast. In general, no re
48、ference has been made to the method of manufacture and it is recognized that some material defined as rod could be manufactured by sawing or slitting rolled strip or plate or by extrusion. Similarly, some material defined as strip could be extruded. The following dividing lines are implicit in the d
49、efinitions given. a) The cross-sectional shapes of rod and wire are similar, but wire has been defined as material with a diameter or width across flats up to and including6.0mm in coil. Rod, on the other hand, has been defined as material in straight lengths together with material in coil which is greater than6.0mm in diameter or width across flats. b) The dividing line between sheet, strip and plate on the one hand and rod and wire on the other, has been arbitrarily defined by saying that sheet, strip and plate have a width greater than ten times the thickn
