1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 7370-1: 1991 Grounds maintenance Part 1: Recommendations for establishing and managing grounds maintenance organizations and for design considerations related to maintenanceBS7370-1:1991 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Environment andPollutio
2、n Standards Policy Committee, was published underthe authority of the Standards Board and comes intoeffect on 29 March1991 BSI 02-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference EPC/2 Draft for comment 88/54981 DC ISBN 0 580 19008 0 Committees responsible f
3、or this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Environment and Pollution Standards Policy Committee (EPC/-) to Technical Committee EPC/2, upon which the following bodies were represented: Anglian Water plc Association of County Councils Association of Playing
4、Fields and Landscape Managers British Association of Landscape Industries British Waterways Board Commonwealth War Graves Commission Countryside Commission for Scotland Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency) Department of Transport Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales I
5、nner London Education Authority Institute of Groundsmanship Institute of Leisure and Amenity Management Institution of Water and Environmental Management National Farmers Union Sports Turf Research Institute Water Services Association of England and Wales Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.
6、 Date CommentsBS7370-1:1991 BSI 02-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii Section 1. General 0 Introduction 1 Scope 1 2 Definitions 1 3 Basic considerations 1 Section 2. Organization and management 4 Organization of a grounds maintenance department 4 5 Organizatio
7、n of directly employed labour 5 6 Staff training 7 7 Organization of work by contract 7 8 Management plans and objectives 10 9 Preventive maintenance 14 10 Maintenance costs 14 11 Mechanization 17 12 Service areas 18 13 Litter and refuse collection and disposal 19 14 Composting policy 20 15 Weed, pe
8、st and disease control 20 16 Legislation affecting grounds maintenance organizations 24 Section 3. Planning factors 17 Landscape design and the costs of maintenance 26 18 Design parameters for grass areas 26 19 Hard areas 27 20 Use of hazards 28 21 Siting of furniture 28 22 Planted areas 29 23 Manag
9、ement of people and control of access 32 Appendix A Explanation of documentation required for a grounds maintenance contract 34 Appendix B Grounds inspection checklist 39 Appendix C Supplementary checklist for inspection of trees 43 Appendix D List of plants listing species (spp.) and cultivars (cvs
10、.) for various climatic, soil and environmental conditions 44 Appendix E Bibliography and legislation 51 Figure 1 Diagram showing typical staff requirement for a medium sized DEL grounds maintenance organization 11 Figure 2 Diagram showing typical staff structure of medium to large organization usin
11、g contractors 12 Figure 3 Average length of the growing season for grasses (in days) in different parts of the UK 16 Table 1 Checklist for the soft landscape features of an estate 39 Publication(s) referred to Inside back coverBS7370-1:1991 ii BSI 02-1999 Foreword This Part of BS7370 has been prepar
12、ed under the direction of the Environment and Pollution Standards Policy Committee. BS7370 has been prepared in order to provide those responsible for the upkeep of land that has a recreational or amenity use, or a functional purpose that is not solely for agriculture, commercial horticulture or for
13、estry, fish-farming, land drainage, water supply or navigation, with a series of recommendations for the various aspects of maintenance. It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, f
14、or whose guidance it has been prepared. This Part of BS7370 gives general recommendations for establishing and managing grounds maintenance organizations of various sizes, and also guidance on design considerations that lead to reasonable technical and cost parameters in subsequent maintenance. Deta
15、iled recommendations for the maintenance of hard landscape, amenity and functional turf (other than sports turf), soft landscape (excluding turf) and water areas will be given in Parts2 to5 of BS7370, respectively. BS7370 will comprise the following Parts: Part 1: Recommendations for establishing an
16、d managing grounds maintenance organizations and for design considerations related to maintenance; Part 2: Maintenance of hard areas 1) ; Part 3: Recommendations for maintenance of amenity and functional turf (other than sports turf); Part 4: Maintenance of soft landscape (other than amenity turf) 1
17、) ; Part 5: Maintenance of water areas 1) . Further Parts may be prepared, as necessary. NOTEThe numbers given in square brackets throughout the text relate to the bibliographic references given in E.1. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users
18、of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages1 to56, an inside back cover and a bac
19、k cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on theinside front cover. 1) In preparation.BS7370-1:1991 BSI 02-1999 1 Section 1. General 0 Introduction This Part of BS7370 sets out the choices open
20、 to those responsible for managing a grounds maintenance organization in terms of use of land, planning objectives and priorities, staff resources, the range of tasks involved and costs. 1 Scope This Part of BS7370 gives general recommendations for establishing and managing grounds maintenance organ
21、izations that are suitable for undertaking tasks of varying size and complexity. It also gives guidance on design considerations that lead to reasonable technical and cost parameters in subsequent maintenance. NOTEThe titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside b
22、ack cover. 2 Definitions For the purposes of this Part of BS7370, the following definitions apply. 2.1 grounds maintenance upkeep of land that has a recreational or amenity use, or a functional purpose that is not solely for agriculture, commercial horticulture or forestry, fish-farming, land draina
23、ge, water supply or navigation 2.2 hazard barrier or impediment intended as a means of controlling the users of an area 2.3 hard areas all forms of surface that are composed of mineral materials of rigid, flexible or unit construction 2.4 boxed off removal of grass clippngs in the mower box 3 Basic
24、considerations 3.1 User needs Grounds maintenance should not only be concerned with routine maintenance of existing facilities. It also involves the continuing development of an estate, and the adaptation of techniques and resource use to meet the changing demands of the users. Recognition of the dy
25、namic nature of the task is an essential part of good management practice. Major factors which should determine the type and size of the grounds maintenance organization to be established are those of client/user needs, priorities and cost limitations. The type and scale of facilities required by so
26、me users is relatively easily established. A school, for instance, will require an optimum number of sports pitches of various kinds. Operational areas such as airfields will have maintenance requirements specific to their function. The height to which grass may be allowed to grow may, for example,
27、be restricted on some areas so that electronic flight-safety equipment can operate efficiently. On other areas, the grass will be grown to a different height as a deterrent to birds, as a flight-safety measure. Users of public gardens in major cities and coastal towns may expect to see attractive di
28、splays of colour in the summer. The cost of providing these is high and the extent of their provision will, therefore, need to be balanced, in relation to their value in attracting visitors, against other recreational facilities which have to be provided within defined cost limits. 3.2 Quality contr
29、ol The importance of ensuring a high quality of work under whatever scheme of maintenance is used cannot be overemphasized. The criteria set out in this standard will help to ensure that the factors needed to achieve this high quality are available to landscape managers and others concerned with the
30、 control of parks and open spaces. 3.3 Multiple use Increases in leisure time have led to demands for many activities to be allowed on land which has traditionally been reserved for a single purpose. Examples are nature and fitness trails, picnic areas in woodlands, fishing and sailing on water stor
31、age reservoirs, flying model aircraft on parts of military training areas, and orienteering in National Park Areas. 3.4 Joint use Joint use of existing facilities such as school playing fields and other publicly owned sports grounds may, because of the shortage of suitable land and high development
32、costs, have to become the rule rather than the exception. Increased use will require more intensive maintenance and will, therefore, involve higher costs. Hire fees to clubs making use of joint user facilities should be set at a level which realistically reflects these increased costs.BS7370-1:1991
33、2 BSI 02-1999 3.5 Nature conservation The primary objective of nature conservation is to ensure that the natural resources of wild flora and fauna, and geological and physiographic features are conserved and, wherever possible, enhanced, so that society may appreciate and benefit from their value to
34、 the fullest extent. The protection of sites specially for their nature interest has resulted in the establishment of a series of National Nature Reserves (NNRs). These are managed in such a way as to provide the maintenance of wildlife or physical features as their primary land use in perpetuity. C
35、omplementing and extending the NNRs, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) add a larger number of areas worthy of protection for their nature conservation importance, including many in urban areas. The responsibility of managing NNRs, and the identification and notification of SSSIs, rests wi
36、th the Nature Conservancy Council (NCC). The NCC advises and co-operates with landowners on the management of SSSIs and has power under the Wildlife and Countryside Act1981 to protect these sites and place constraints on harmful development. Beyond these very special sites, the wider environment com
37、prises a larger part of the total natural resource than the protected areas, and although more thinly dispersed, it is vital that it is preserved. There is a need to recognize nature conservation as a land use alongside other activities such as forestry, amenity, recreation and farming. The grounds
38、maintenance manager has the opportunity to develop the interests of nature conservation on the estate for which he is responsible. The first step is to make contact with the nearest office of the NCC to establish whether or not within his estate there are particularly valuable sites that are already
39、 designated. Links may then be established through the NCC with local conservation specialists who will advise on the wildlife resources and valuable physical features that exist on the estate. These should be surveyed, protected and managed sympathetically. The NCC will provide advice on how best t
40、o do this. In addition, on every estate there are always opportunities to create and develop wildlife habitats by consciously changing land use and maintenance techniques. One simple example is to change from an intensive close mown grass management system, including fertilizing and selective weedki
41、lling, to one where the grass is cut and collected once a year, as a hay crop. The reduction in fertility caused by the removal of nutrients by the hay, the cessation of the use of selective weedkillers, and the enablement of wild flowers to set seed will encourage a gradual increase in species dive
42、rsity. This will attract a wider variety of invertebrates, which will in turn attract a greater range of insect-feeding birds and mammals. An awareness of the wildlife features of an estate, a positive approach to their management and the development of additional habitats will not only serve an end
43、 in itself, but will add to a greater understanding of the environment by the community at large. 3.6 Grass cropping or grazing Grass cropping or grazing should be considered for large areas of functional grassland as a means of reducing maintenance costs. Where the taking of a crop is compatible wi
44、th the operational use of an area, and a local demand for the product is identified, hay, silage, or grass drying are worthwhile possibilities. 3.7 Public relations The involvement of interested parties in the forming of the landscape policy for an estate has been mentioned. Many of the groups who a
45、re likely to be consulted will be independent of the grounds maintenance managers employing organization, e.g. local ratepayers associations, conservation groups, a range of clubs and societies concerned with recreation, and the general public. They are likely to react quickly to anything which appe
46、ars to be an intrusion or interference with their interests and rights. Work on trees, however essential, is highly emotive. Damage to a valuable habitat, whether through ignorance or carelessness, quite rightly provokes a reaction from conservationists. In designating particular areas for special u
47、ses, publicity should be arranged through articles in the local press, by household circulars and by holding meetings so that as many people as can be reached are informed about development.BS7370-1:1991 BSI 02-1999 3 On the sites themselves, noticeboards should be erected which explain the land use
48、 to the public. In the case of the woodland mentioned in 8.2, noticeboards showing the use of the various sections, e.g. conservation areas, forestry areas, trim trails, exercise walks and bridle ways should be displayed at each car park and at pedestrian and equestrian access points. The trim trail
49、s and exercise walks should be clearly marked along their route; areas from which the genera public has to be excluded should be fenced off and notices explaining why should be erected at suitable intervals. Such notices might well include a contact telephone number for those who would like further information on the reasons for the need for fencing off and management of the excluded area. By effective publicity and communications, the interests of specialist groups will be better served, and people generally will be able to have a better understanding of how
