1、BSI Standards PublicationBS 8554:2015Code of practice for thesampling and monitoring ofhot and cold water servicesin buildingsPublishing and copyright informationThe BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the documentwas last issued. The British Standards Institution 2015Publ
2、ished by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 82872 0ICS 91.140; 91.140.60The following BSI references relate to the work on this document:Committee reference EH/3Draft for comment 14/30282433 DCPublication historyFirst published September 2015Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affecte
3、dBS 8554:2015 BRITISH STANDARDContentsForeword ii1 Scope 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions 24 Assessing water quality and developing the sampling plan 35 Outlet (Pre-flush) sampling techniques 136 Systemic post-flush sampling methodology 157 Information to assist interpretation of res
4、ults 218 Documentation and reporting of results 22AnnexesAnnex A (informative) Procedure for sampling swimming, spa and hydrotherapypool water in operational use (based on Pool Water Treatment AdvisoryGroup, 2009 15) 26Annex B (informative) Statistical approaches to the interpretation of monitoringa
5、nd investigative data 27Annex C (informative) Dedicated sampling points 30Annex D (normative) Water sampling bottles 32Annex E (informative) Example procedure for investigating recurring poor resultsfrom a shower 36Annex F (informative) Disinfectant preparation 37Annex G (informative) Example docume
6、nts used to avoid deviating samples 38Bibliography 40List of figuresFigure 1 Sampling of water from cold and hot water outlets for purpose ofinvestigation or monitoring 17Figure2Avoiding deviations from handling and documentationrequirements 21Figure C.1 Dedicated sampling point 30Figure G.1 Example
7、 log 38Figure G.2 Example sample stability information 39List of tablesTable B.1 Sampling strategies and their advantages and disadvantages 28Table D.1 Water sampling bottles for commonly measured parameters 32Table D.2 Water sampling bottles for other parameters 34Summary of pagesThis document comp
8、rises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to ii,pages 1 to 42, an inside back cover and a back cover.BRITISH STANDARD BS 8554:2015 The British Standards Institution 2015 iForewordPublishing informationThis British Standard is published by BSI Standards Limited, under licence fromThe Britis
9、h Standards Institution, and came into effect on 30 September 2015. Itwas prepared by Technical Committee EH/3, Water quality. A list oforganizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to itssecretary.Information about this documentIt has been assumed in the preparation of this
10、 British Standard that theexecution of its provisions will be entrusted to appropriately qualified andexperienced people, for whose use it has been produced.In particular, it is expected that users of this standard understand theimportance of sampling using aseptic techniques.Test laboratory accredi
11、tation. Users of this British Standard are advised toconsider the desirability of selecting test laboratories that are accredited toBS EN ISO/IEC 17025 by a national or international accreditation body.Hazard warningsWARNING. This British Standard calls for the use of substances and/orprocedures tha
12、t can be injurious to health if adequate precautions are nottaken. It refers only to technical suitability and does not absolve the userfrom legal obligations relating to health and safety at any stage.Presentational conventionsThe provisions of this standard are presented in roman (i.e. upright) ty
13、pe. Itsrecommendations are expressed in sentences in which the principal auxiliaryverb is “should”.Commentary, explanation and general informative material is presented insmaller italic type, and does not constitute a normative element.The word “should” is used to express recommendations of this sta
14、ndard. Theword “may” is used in the text to express permissibility, e.g. as an alternative tothe primary recommendation of the clause. The word “can” is used to expresspossibility, e.g. a consequence of an action or an event.Notes and commentaries are provided throughout the text of this standard.No
15、tes give references and additional information that are important but do notform part of the recommendations. Commentaries give background information.Contractual and legal considerationsThis publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users are responsible for
16、 its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legalobligations.BRITISH STANDARDBS 8554:2015ii The British Standards Institution 20151 ScopeThis British Standard gives guidance and recommendations for investigative andplanned collection of hot and cold water
17、samples during the life of a building,including sampling locations and the selection of laboratory or on-site testingfor those samples.This standard covers sampling from wholesome water systems and water usedfor make-up where the water is used for immersion or contact, such as spas,swimming pools an
18、d therapeutic units. Wholesome water services are systemsdesigned to provide hot and cold water, including water for cooking, drinkingand food preparation or washing.Recommendations are given for sampling for the following reasons:a) one-off sampling for compliance, to evaluate whether the water qua
19、lityconforms to regulations, guidance, specifications or imposed conditions;b) ad hoc sampling for verification, to provide assurance that the water beingused is suitable for its intended use;c) sampling for investigation searching for the cause of concerns orcomplaints about water quality;d) random
20、 sampling economically-driven or voluntary sampling used to helpconfirm or otherwise that water hygiene controls remain effective; ande) identification and implementation of schemes for commissioning, routineand investigative monitoring of water quality.This standard is not applicable to the samplin
21、g of water following outbreaks ofLegionnaires disease or for the sampling of water from closed systems.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in thisdocument and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, onlythe edition cited
22、 applies. For undated references, the latest edition of thereferenced document (including any amendments) applies.Standards publicationsBS 7592:2008, Sampling for Legionella bacteria in water systems Code ofpracticeBS 15883, Washer-disinfectorsBS EN ISO 5667-1, Water quality Sampling Part 1: Guidanc
23、e on the design ofsampling programmes and sampling techniquesBS EN ISO 5667-3, Water quality Sampling Part 3: Preservation and handlingof water samplesPD 855468, Guide to the flushing and disinfection of services supplying water fordomestic use within buildings and their curtilagesOther publications
24、N1AUTOMATIC VENDING ASSOCIATION OF BRITAIN (AVAB). TechnicalHandbook: Water Hygiene and Quality in Food and Drink Vending andDispensing. Cheam: AVAB. 1997.N2DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. Choice Framework for local Policy and Procedures01-06 Decontamination of flexible endoscopes: Operational management.Lond
25、on: Department of Health. 2013.BRITISH STANDARD BS 8554:2015 The British Standards Institution 2015 13 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this British Standard, the following terms and definitionsapply.3.1 calorifierclosed cylindrical vessel in which water is indirectly heated under a pressure
26、greater than atmosphere for the supply of hot water services, for centralheating purposes and for industrial applicationsNOTE The water is heated by tubular primary heaters, with hot water, steam or oilas the heating medium, or electric immersion heating elements.SOURCE: BS 853-1:1990+A3:2011, 2.1,
27、modified3.2 cisternfixed, vented container for holding water at atmospheric pressureSOURCE: BS 8558:2015, 3.1.5NOTE A cistern is commonly referred to as a “cold water storage tank”.3.3 dip samplingprocess by which a sample is obtained by immersing an open, sterile containeror device into a body of w
28、ater3.4 disinfectioncontrol of microorganisms by chemical or non-chemical meansNOTE Disinfection here relates to the outlets and systems. Disinfection is not thesame as sterilization (see 3.12).3.5 flow straightenerdevice that is inserted into a water outlet to smooth out turbulent andtransitional f
29、lows3.6 flushingpurging of water from areas of a distribution system to remove installationresidues or mitigate the effects of stagnation3.7 organism of concernorganism whose presence is not acceptable in the context of the building use3.8 outlet fittingdevice that is placed into the end of the tap
30、faucet to control and shape thewater stream and can include flow straighteners, regulators and aerators3.9 post-flush samplingprocess by which a sample is taken after an outlet or fitting has been disinfectedwhere necessary and water has been run to waste for a prescribed length oftime or until a pa
31、rticular endpoint has been reached (e.g. a temperaturemeasurement), to represent the quality of the water supplied to the outlet orfitting3.10 pre-flush samplingprocess by which a sample is taken immediately after an outlet or fitting isopened, to represent water held within the outlet or fittingNOT
32、E This does not involve disinfection of the outlet.BRITISH STANDARDBS 8554:20152 The British Standards Institution 20153.11 sampling operativeperson who has been trained and can demonstrate appropriate competence intaking samples3.12 sterilizationcomplete elimination or destruction of all living mic
33、roorganismsNOTE This is not achievable in a distributed water system.3.13 water safety planplan for:a) system assessment and design;b) operational monitoring of the control measures; andc) management, including documentation and communication, of a) and b)(SOURCE: WHO 2004 1, modified)4 Assessing wa
34、ter quality and developing thesampling plan4.1 Objectives of sampling4.1.1 Those planning a testing programme should determine the reason forsampling see a) to c) and take measures to ensure that the results accuratelyreflect the quality of the water at the time it is sampled.a) Ad hoc sampling for
35、verification, to provide assurance that the water beingused meets the needs of its intended use, e.g. validating a new or alteredcontrol regime.b) Sampling for investigating complaints from users relating to, for example,taint, odour, skin reaction or illness; investigating a case(s) of illnesspoten
36、tially associated with water use or consumption; investigating thecauses of scaling, fouling or corrosion.c) Random sampling: economically-driven or voluntary sampling used to helpconfirm or otherwise that water hygiene controls remain effective.Example: Monitoring of water quality in hospitals. Pse
37、udomonasaeruginosa (PA) can cause serious infection in hospital patients, particularlythose who are in “augmented care units”, e.g. neonatal units, critical careunits, burns units, transplant units and other units determined by local riskassessment. PA positive samples from outlets are a consequence
38、 of biofilmcolonization that mainly occurs at or very near the tap outlet. To determinewhether PA is present at the outlet pre-flush, post-flush and representativesystemic samples might be required and, as a consequence, differentsampling strategies are applied.NOTE Sampling for PA can be carried ou
39、t in accordance with HTM 04-01 2and the SCAs The Microbiology of Drinking Water (2010) Part 8 The isolationand enumeration of Aeromonas and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by membranefiltration 3 and Examining food, water and environmental samples fromhealthcare environments. Microbiological Guidelines 4. Te
40、chnologies otherthan membrane filters are available, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR).4.1.2 Where there is a water safety plan (WSP) this should include identificationof all potential hazards (see 4.3), chemical, physical and biological. The WSPshould require an ongoing sampling programme for
41、 monitoring controlmeasures.BRITISH STANDARD BS 8554:2015 The British Standards Institution 2015 34.2 Sampling plan4.2.1 A sampling plan should provide sufficient information to satisfy the datausers requirements by establishing compliance with regulations, specifications orimposed conditions, and/o
42、r identifying the cause(s) of changes in water quality.The sampling plan should be varied periodically to achieve this or to investigateout-of-specification results, for example sampling to verify or confirm theeffectiveness of cleaning and disinfection following commissioning andre-commissioning of
43、 water systems, storage cisterns and/or equipment usingwater.4.2.2 Sampling should be designed to take into account the time water isresident in the building, from the time it crosses the curtilage to when andwhere deviating quality is observed. The sampling plan should take account ofsuch factors a
44、s:a) residual disinfection decay;b) the lag and exponential growth phases of bacteria within biofilms;c) storage capacity and residence time/water age;d) the effects of temperature; ande) other relevant factors likely to have an effect on the water quality,e.g. condition of components, presence of l
45、ead pipework (especially incombination with other metals).4.2.3 A responsible person should be appointed to oversee sampling at the timeof construction and commissioning, as well as during the operational use of awater system. To ensure the sampling results are used effectively, the samplingplan sho
46、uld be prepared in accordance with BS EN ISO 5667-1 for agreementbefore the operations begin, taking into account any regulatory requirements orother agreed objectives. Schematic drawings should be consulted, whereavailable, when compiling the plan.4.2.4 Sampling points should be designated accordin
47、g to the sampling plan, andindicated on a schematic diagram of the water system in the sampling plan.Each outlet being sampled should be representative of the potential waterquality change being investigated. The sampling plan should identify equipmentthat best represents the risk being investigated
48、, e.g. equipment that constitutesa significant risk of infection because it produces an aqueous aerosol, or wherethere is the potential for ingress, stagnation and biofilm build-up.4.2.5 Where it is feasible to carry out long-term periodic monitoring, thesampling plan should require sampling from bo
49、th fixed and randomly selectedpoints for each batch of samples to enable both trending of results andincreased coverage of the whole system.NOTE A single sample location might not be representative of a dynamic systemwhere use patterns vary spatially and over time.4.2.6 To indicate the relative risk of poor water quality from an outlet and thesystem, both pre-flush (see Clause 5) and post-flush (see Clause 6) samplesshould be taken. Whenever possible, samples should be collected from individualtaps, rather than mixer t
