1、BS 8887-1:2006Design for manufacture, assembly, disassembly and end-of-life processing (MADE) Part 1: General concepts, process and requirementsICS 01.100.01, 01.110NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDPublishing and copyright informationThe BSI copyr
2、ight notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. BSI 2006ISBN 0 580 49335 0The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:Committee reference TDW/4Draft for comment 06/30044269 DCPublication historyAmendments issued since publicationAmd. no. Date
3、Text affectedBS 8887-1:2006 BSI 2006 iBS 8887-1:2006ContentsForeword iiIntroduction 11 Scope 32 Normative references 33 Terms, definitions and abbreviations 44 Design process 55 Design brief 66 Design methodologies 77 Cost considerations 118 Industrial design 149 Detail design 1410 Requirements for
4、assembly 1711 Life cycle considerations 2012 Requirements for verification 2113 Documentation 24AnnexesAnnex A (informative) Established techniques which assist with the design process and their correct use 26Annex B (informative) Industrial design 30Annex C (informative) Life cycle considerations 3
5、3Annex D (informative) Technical product realization The TPR concept 37Bibliography 40List of figuresFigure 1 The stages in the life of a product and the various DFX terms 5Figure 2 Application of specific techniques showing best practice sequence of design methodologies 7Figure 3 The stages in the
6、life of a product, including the three routes of part end-of-life processing 14Figure 4 Costs over the life of product design showing the difference between the incurred costs and the committed costs 15Figure 5 Example of cost versus process 16Figure 6 Concept diagram showing the twelve different de
7、finitions of size 23Figure D.1 Coverage between the TPR triumvirate standards 39Figure D.2 The dominant influence of BS 8888 in the relationship between BS 8887, BS 8888 and BS 8889 39List of tablesTable 1 Parameters for consideration in the preparation of a design brief 6Summary of pagesThis docume
8、nt comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 41 and a back cover.BS 8887-1:2006ii BSI 2006ForewordPublishing informationThis part of BS 8887 was published by BSI and came into effect on 31 October 2006. It was prepared by Technical Committee TDW/4, Technical product
9、specification Methodology, presentation and verification, in response to an original proposal from BSI Programme Manager Geoff Gonella. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.Relationship with other publicationsThe function of BS 8887 is to
10、provide context for the preparation of technical product specifications in accordance with GPS principles. However, it is not the intention that BS 8887 is a “stand-alone” standard since it is part of a triumvirate of TPR (Technical Product Realization) standards comprising BS 8888 and BS 8889. The
11、relationship of these three standards to each other is explained in Annex D.It is intended that subsequent parts of this British Standard will address specific requirements for various types of engineering manufacture, for example mechanical; hydraulic; electronic; chemical.It should be noted that B
12、SI does make educational/training aids available in this field and is currently planning a major education/training initiative which, it is expected, will lead to a programme of competency assessment and certification.Presentational conventionsThe provisions of this standard are presented in roman (
13、i.e. upright) type. Its requirements are expressed in sentences in which the principal auxiliary verb is “shall”.Commentary, explanation and general informative material is presented in smaller italic type, and does not constitute a normative element.Contractual and legal considerationsThis publicat
14、ion does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. BSI 2006 1BS 8887-1:2006IntroductionThis British Standard is introduced at a time of conside
15、rable change in the nature and presentation of technical documents prepared as part of technical product specifications. It is structured so as to provide the designer with a framework within which the selection, preparation and presentation of appropriate documentation to facilitate the efficient t
16、ransfer of the design concept into and beyond the manufacturing environment can be undertaken. It is appropriate to all types of manufacture and has the primary purpose of identifying and specifying the use of ISO Standards relevant to the design for manufacture route.Support for the design of techn
17、ical products, by standards, is currently deficient in that there are no British Standards focusing on how the designer ought to set about the task of preparing their conceptualizations for manufacture. The nearest would seem to be the withdrawn PD 6470:1981, The management of design for economic pr
18、oduction, which is now somewhat dated in terms of its scope and content. The current BS 7000 series deals with the broader concepts of design management and BS 7373-1 and BS 7373-2 address product specification but all stop short of providing for the preparation of the actual documentation for manuf
19、acturing, assembly, disassembly and end-of-life processing (MADE).Technical designers do not just require a broad understanding of those things which influence manufacture, such as materials, the nature and capability of available manufacturing facilities, the implications of out-sourcing, product s
20、afety, eco-considerations and the needs of European and International markets. Designers also need to be able to express the design requirements with precision and without ambiguity, in a manner that is understandable and accessible in a broad range of manufacturing situations, possibly remote from
21、the immediate location of the design facility. It is unlikely that this can be achieved through the use of purely National Standards and therefore cognizance of International Standards is essential.In view of this, and to facilitate the use of such standards, this specification requires the use of B
22、S 8888, Technical product specification (TPS). The primary function of BS 8888 is to provide a comprehensive list of International Standards relevant to TPS and BS 8888:2006, Annex A and BS 8888:2006, Annex B identify cross-references, by standard number linking them back to the part of the main tex
23、t that relates them to appropriate stages of the design definition process and contains the specific requirement for their application. The complexity of products is generally on the increase, with a higher emphasis on cost control and improved time to market. In addition, todays social model, with
24、the mobility of labour and attendant problems of knowledge and skill retention, brings new pressures for completeness of specification. One result of the simultaneous impact of these phenomena on todays business model, is an increasing need for the development of a specification system ensuring a me
25、thodical (rather than intuitive) approach to the preparation of technical product specifications.BS 8887-1:20062 BSI 2006This part of BS 8887 addresses the design task, irrespective of whether the designer works for a manufacturer, a design company, or is freelance. It is expected that it will, ther
26、efore, be of considerable interest to a wide range of businesses and be applicable to a broad range of product types. Businesses experiencing the need for a more precise approach to design specification, and established designers/design companies who might be seeking a benchmark for design competenc
27、y might also find this standard of considerable assistance.It is not the function of this part of BS 8887 or of BS 8888, to teach the designer how to design nor to seek to restrain the creative process. Rather, it provides a methodology for ordering the output of that process in a manner that maximi
28、zes the possibility of the most efficient, cost effective transfer of the design concept to realization. It is intended to be beneficial for the designer to take account of the requirements of BS 8887-1 in the formulation of their ideas, but the function of BS 8887-1 in conjunction with that of BS 8
29、888, is to provide for precise, comprehensive, unambiguous specification capable of fully informing manufacturing, assembly, disassembly and end-of-life processing. There are several stages to the manufacture of a product. In the early years of design, designers traditionally applied the principles
30、of design for manufacture to the production of the individual piece parts which together make up the product. This was the approach adopted by publications such as PD 6470 last published in 1975. Phrases like “design for producability” were used at this time. More recently designers realized this wa
31、s too limiting and the approach then adopted was that there were two stages to the manufacture of a product; the production of the individual parts followed by their assembly together, hence creating the product. Design for manufacture was then applied to these two stages. Typical of this approach w
32、as the work of Boothroyd et al. 1. Their recommendation was that design for manufacture might be equally applied to the assembly stage as to the production of the individual parts and they coined the term design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA). However, during the last several decades, two major
33、 developments have occurred, which mean that design for manufacture needs to be considered beyond these two stages. Firstly, the importance of product quality and customer satisfaction meant that the customer needed to be included. Hence, designers used phrases like design for the customer (DFC). Se
34、condly, environmental pressures produced new legislation; with the result that end-of-life processing is to be considered at the ab initio design stage. This legislation has forced manufacturers to take responsibility for a product when the customer has finished with it. Thus, to complete the whole
35、life cycle, disassembly stages have to be added, consisting of, not only the actual disassembly of the product, but also the treatment of each and every one of the individual parts through re-cycling, re-use or disposal including the possibility of material separation for materials recovery or dispo
36、sal purposes. Environmentalists have coined terms like design for the environment (DFE), design for recycling and design for reprocessing (DFR). Yet others considered that design for the environment ought to pervade the whole life cycle and terms like life cycle design (LCD) or design for the life c
37、ycle (DFLC) are used. This approach has been supported by policy initiatives, fiscal incentives and some legislation, which have variously BSI 2006 3BS 8887-1:2006encouraged or required environment-related elements of product composition, energy consumption and energy sourcing. More recently, the te
38、rm DFX is used to refer to all these techniques since each is relevant in their own right. It is considered that all the DFX terms are limiting since they each force a focus at a particular point at one stage of design. Furthermore, they represent an acronym rash. A holistic view is taken in this st
39、andard and hence, for convenience, the generic term design for manufacture (DFM) is used throughout.1 ScopeThis part of BS 8887 specifies requirements for the preparation, content and structure of design output and the preparation of related technical product documentation for the manufacture, assem
40、bly, disassembly and end-of-life processing (MADE) of products. It identifies and describes methodologies and conventions appropriate to the preparation of documentation, in whatever form, intended to transfer a design concept to manufacture, including the determination of required accuracy and tole
41、rances for verification purposes. It also provides guidance on the application of principles and techniques to assist the designer in the preparation of unambiguous instructions, commensurate with the perceived complexity, role and life of the intended product.In addressing end-of-life requirements,
42、 this British Standard extends beyond specification for the manufacture and assembly of products to incorporate recommendations on how best to incorporate into the documentation, guidance on the ultimate reuse, recovery, recycling and disposal of the components and materials used.NOTE Requirements t
43、o modify any design and therefore its specification could arise as a result of experience in manufacture and use but the provision of design improvement occurring subsequent to the issue of the first sealed design brief is outside the scope of this British Standard.2 Normative referencesThe followin
44、g referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.BS 8888:2006, Technical product documentation (TPS) Specificat
45、ionBS EN 1050, Safety of machinery Principles for risk assessmentBS EN 20286-1, ISO system of limits and fits Part 1: Bases of tolerances, deviations and fits ISO 286-1BS EN ISO 1043 (all parts), Plastics Symbols and abbreviated termsBS EN ISO 11469, Plastics Generic identification and marking of pl
46、astics productsBS EN ISO 14040, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and frameworkBS 8887-1:20064 BSI 2006BS EN ISO 14041, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Goal and scope definition and inventory analysisDD ISO/TS 17450-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) G
47、eneral concepts Part 1: Model for geometrical specification and verificationDD ISO/TS 17450-2, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) General concepts Part 2: Basic tenets, specifications, operators and uncertainties3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations3.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of
48、 this British Standard the terms and definitions given in BS 8888 and the following apply.3.1.1 manufactureproduction of piece parts3.1.2 processingtransformation of material or component, or materials or components in combination, from one physical or chemical configuration or state to another3.1.3
49、 assemblybringing together of piece parts in a functional relationship3.1.4 demanufacturedisassembly of the product, and the reuse, reprocessing or disposal of piece parts3.1.5 recycleaction of reprocessing a material, component or piece part which has previously been processed for inclusion in a product3.1.6 renewablereplenishable naturally at source at a rate at least the same as consumptionNOTE This can apply to materials and energy.3.2 AbbreviationsDFE Design For the EnvironmentDFEL
