1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 13187:1999 The Euro
2、pean Standard EN 13187:1998 has the status of a British Standard ICS 91.120.10 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Thermal performance of buildings Qualitative detection of thermal irregularities in building envelopes Infrared method (ISO 6781:1983 modified)BS EN 1
3、3187:1999 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Engineering Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 March 1999 BSI 03-1999 ISBN 0 580 30922 3 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Text aff
4、ected National foreword This British Standard is the English language version of EN 13187:1998. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee RHE/9, Thermal insulating materials, to Subcommittee RHE/9/2, Thermal properties of insulating materials, which has the respons
5、ibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizat
6、ions represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards C
7、orrespondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard doe
8、s not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 12, an inside back cover and a back cover.CEN European Committee for Standardization Comite Europe en de Normalisation Europa isches Ko
9、mitee fu r Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 1998 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13187:1998 E EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 13187 NORME EUROPE ENNE EUROPA ISCHE NORM November 1998 ICS 91.120.1
10、0 Descriptors: buildings, walls, thermal insulation, quality control, tests, infrared radiation, defects, fault detectors English version Thermal performance of buildings Qualitative detection of thermal irregularities in building envelopes Infrared method (ISO 6781:1983 modified) Performance thermi
11、que des ba timents De tection qualitative des irre gularite s thermiques sur les enveloppes de ba timents Me thode infrarouge (ISO 6781:1983 modifie e) Wa rmetechnisches Verhalten von Geba uden Qualitativer Nachweis von Wa rmebru cken in Geba udehu llen Infrarot-Verfahren (ISO 6781:1983 modifiziert)
12、 This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 November 1998. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical r
13、eferences concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN membe
14、r into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portug
15、al, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.Page 2 EN 13187:1998 BSI 03-1999 Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 89, Thermal performance of buildings and building components, the Secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be gi
16、ven the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 1999, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 1999. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of
17、the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. It is based on International Stan
18、dard ISO 6781:1983, Thermal insulation Qualitative detection of thermal irregularities in building envelopes Infrared method, which was modified to take account of the development of equipment performance and inspection practice. The main modification is the addition of a procedure for “Simplified t
19、esting with an IR camera”. This standard is one of a series of standards for the design and evaluation of thermal performance of buildings and building components. Contents Page Foreword 2 Introduction 3 1 Scope 3 2 Normative references 3 3 Definitions 3 4 Principle 4 5 Infrared radiation sensing sy
20、stem 5 6 Thermographic examination 5 7 Thermographic report 7 Annex A (informative) Reference thermograms 8 Annex B (informative) Examples of thermograms recorded on a stud wall “with no defects” 10 Annex C (informative) Examples of thermograms recorded on a stud wall containing deliberate defects 1
21、1 Annex D (informative) Example of a set of test requirements 12Page 3 EN 13187:1998 BSI 03-1999 Introduction Irregularities in the thermal properties of the components constituting the external envelope of a building result in temperature variations over the surfaces of the structure. The surface t
22、emperature is also influenced by air flow within and/or through the envelope of the building. The surface temperature distribution can thus be used to detect thermal irregularities due, for example, to insulation defects, moisture content and/or air leakage, in the components constituting the extern
23、al envelope of the building. Building thermography is a method of indicating and representing the temperature distribution over a part of the surface of a building envelope. In the context of this standard, thermography is carried out by means of an infrared radiation sensing system which produces a
24、n image based on the apparent radiance temperature of the measured target area. The thermal radiation (infrared radiation density) from the target area is converted by the infrared radiation sensing system to produce a thermal image representing the relative intensity of thermal radiation from diffe
25、rent parts of the surface. The intensity of the image is a function of the surface temperature, the characteristics of the surface, the ambient conditions and the sensor itself. The measurement procedure also involves interpretation of the thermal images (thermograms). 1 Scope This standard specifie
26、s a qualitative method, by thermographic examination, for detecting thermal irregularities in building envelopes. The method is used initially to identify wide variations in the thermal properties, including air tightness, of the components constituting the external envelopes of buildings. In this s
27、tandard two forms of thermography are specified. Testing with an IR camera is primarily intended for the inspection of the overall performance of new buildings or the result after a rebuilding operation. Simplified testing with an IR camera is suitable when carrying out audits, e.g. at the site of a
28、 rebuilding project or at production control or other routine inspections. These two adaptations differ mainly with regard to the reporting and the presentation of results. The results obtained by means of this method have to be interpreted and assessed by persons who are specially trained for this
29、purpose. This standard applies to the determination of the location of thermal irregularities and to the location of air leakage paths through the enclosure. This standard does not apply to the determination of the degree of thermal insulation and air tightness of a structure. For such determination
30、s, examinations by other methods are required. 2 Normative references This standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated referenc
31、es, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. EN ISO 7345, Thermal insulation Physical quantities and definitions (
32、ISO 7345:1987). EN ISO 9288:1996, Thermal insulation Heat transfer by radiation Physical quantities and definitions (ISO 9288:1989). 3 Definitions For the purposes of this standard, the definitions in EN ISO 7345, EN ISO 9288 and the following definitions apply: 3.1 thermography determination and re
33、presentation of surface temperature distribution by measuring the infrared radiant density from a surface, including interpretation of casual mechanisms producing the irregularities in the thermal images 3.2 thermal image image which is produced by an infrared radiation sensing system and which repr
34、esents the apparent radiance temperature distribution over a surface 3.3 thermogram a thermal image, documented by a photograph of the camera display, by a recording on a video tape or a digital data diskette or as a file on a computer or hard disk drive 3.4 total radiance radiant heat flow rate div
35、ided by the solid angle around the direction and the projected area normal D to this direction EN ISO 9288:1996 NOTE Radiance includes emitted radiation from a surface as well as reflected and transmitted radiation. 3.5 apparent radiance temperature temperature determined from the measured total rad
36、iance NOTE This temperature is the equivalent black body temperature which would produce the same total radiance. 3.6 isotherm image thermal image with isothermsPage 4 EN 13187:1998 BSI 03-1999 Dotted boxes indicate suggested use of additional information. Figure 1 General procedure for the interpre
37、tation of thermal images in thermographic examinations 3.7 isotherm a region on the display consisting of points, lines or areas having the same infrared radiation density 3.8 IR camera an infrared radiation sensing system which produces a thermal image based on the apparent radiance temperature 4 P
38、rinciple Thermographic examination of parts of buildings comprises: a) determination of the surface temperature distribution over a part of a building envelope, from the apparent radiance temperature distribution obtained by means of an infrared radiation sensing system; b) ascertaining whether this
39、 surface temperature distribution is “abnormal”, i.e. if it is due, for example, to insulation defects, moisture content and/or air leakage; c) if so, assessment of the type and the extent of defects. In order to determine whether the observed variations in the thermal insulation properties are abno
40、rmal, the thermograms obtained are compared with the anticipated temperature distribution over the surface, determined by the design characteristics of the building envelope and by the environment at the time of examination. The anticipated temperature distributions can be determined by means of “re
41、ference thermograms” (see 5.3 and annexes A, B and C), calculations or other investigations. This determination is based on drawings and other documents relating to the external envelope and to the heating and ventilation system of the building under investigation. The general procedure for the inte
42、rpretation of thermal images is represented schematically in Figure 1.Page 5 EN 13187:1998 BSI 03-1999 1) Experience in field tests has shown that a minimum resolvable temperature difference of 0,38C at a surface temperature of 208C and at a spatial frequency of 0,052 cycle/mm would be sufficient fo
43、r the purposes of this standard. 5 Infrared radiation sensing system The infrared radiation sensing system shall comprise: a) an infrared radiation sensor, operating at a wavelength between 2mm and 12mm, which can sense apparent radiance temperatures of interest with sufficient resolution 1) ; b) a
44、device which renders visible and displays, in the form of a thermal image, the apparent radiance temperature over the surface being examined; c) a device which makes it possible to record the thermal image and, if relevant, measured digital data; d) a means of establishing temperature levels on the
45、surface under examination. During the test period, no significant drift in the infrared radiation sensing system shall occur. 6 Thermographic examination 6.1 General test requirements In order to define the actual test requirements, and in particular the side of the building envelope (outdoors or in
46、doors) from which the thermographic examination is to be performed, the following factors need to be considered: a) the specifications and capabilities of the thermographic equipment; b) the characteristics of the building envelope, i.e. the respective types and locations of heating systems, structu
47、ral elements and insulating layers; c) the radiative properties of the surface, e.g. the cladding materials; d) climatic factors; e) accessibility for easy inspection; f) influences of the environment; g) other factors of importance. The temperature difference across the envelope shall be sufficient
48、ly large to permit the detection of thermal irregularities. For ease of interpretation, the thermographic examination should preferably be carried out with constant temperature and pressure differences across the envelope. (The interpretation of thermograms taken under non-steady state conditions re
49、quires a higher degree of expertise and knowledge of building physics.) This implies, among other things, that the test shall not be carried out when the outside or inside air temperature is liable to vary considerably, or when the structure is exposed to direct solar radiation, or when the wind varies markedly. These general requirements shall be considered when a thermographic examination is carried out. The actual requirements may be varied according to the thermal properties of the building envelope u
