1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 14045:2003 Packaging Evaluation of the disintegration of packaging materials in practical oriented tests under defined composting conditions The European Standard EN 14045:2003 has the status of a British Standard ICS 13.030.99; 55.040 BS EN 14045:2003 This British Standard wa
2、s published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 14 May 2003 BSI 14 May 2003 ISBN 0 580 41820 0 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 14045:2003. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Commi
3、ttee PKW/4, Packaging and the environment, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document ma
4、y be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users
5、are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, a
6、nd keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 14, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright date dis
7、played in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEANSTANDARD NORMEEUROPENNE EUROPISCHENORM EN14045 March2003 ICS13.030.99;55.040 Englishversion PackagingEvaluationofthedisintegrationofpackaging materialsinpracticalori
8、entedtestsunderdefinedcomposting conditions EmballageEvaluationdeladsintgrationdesmatriaux demballagelorsdessaisusagepratiquedansdes conditionsdecompostagedfinies VerpackungBewertungderDesintegrationvon VerpackungsmaterialieninpraxisorientiertenPrfungen unterdefiniertenKompostierungsbedingungen This
9、EuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon27December2002. CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEurope an Standardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Uptodatelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcernings uchnational standardsmaybeo
10、btainedonapplicationtotheManagementCentreortoanyCENmember. ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytra nslation undertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheManagementCentrehasthesamestatusasthe official versions
11、. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Greece, Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,Slovakia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUn ited Kingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISAT
12、ION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2003CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.EN14045:2003EEN14045:2003(E) 2 Contents page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normativereferences 5 3 Termsanddefin
13、itions. .5 4 Principle 5 5 Apparatus .6 6 Procedureofthetest . 7 7 Calculation12 8 Validityofthetest 12 9 TestReport . 13 Bibliography 14EN14045:2003(E) 3 Foreword Thisdocument(EN14045:2003)hasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC261“Packaging“,the secretariatofwhichisheldbyAFNOR. ThisEuropeanStand
14、ard shallbegiventhestatusofanationalstandard,eitherbypublicationofanidenticaltextor byendorsement,atthelatestbySeptember2003,andconflictingnationalstandardsshallbewithdrawnatthe latestbySeptember2003. ThisdocumenthasbeenpreparedunderamandategiventoCENbytheEuropeanCommissionandtheEuropean FreeTradeAs
15、sociation. AccordingtotheCEN/CENELECInternalRegulations,thenationalstandardsorganizationsofthefollowing countriesareboundtoimplementthisEuropeanStandard:Austria,Belgium,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Finland, France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal, Sl
16、ovakia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandtheUnitedKingdom.EN14045:2003(E) 4 Introduction Organicrecovery,whichincludesaerobiccompostingandanaerobicbiogasification,ofpackaginginwelloperated, especiallymunicipalorindustrialbiologicalwastetreatmentfacilitiesareimportantalternativesforreducingand recyclingpack
17、agingwasteinabiologicalway.Usingthesetechnologies,theaimsoftheEuropeanDirective 94/62/EConPackagingandPackagingWastecanbemet.EN14045:2003(E) 5 1Scope ThisEuropeanStandardisusedtoevaluatethedisintegrationofpackagingmaterialsinapilotscaleaerobic compostingtestunderdefinedconditions.Othermethodsshouldb
18、eusedtomeasurethebiodegradabilityofthe packagingmaterials.Packagingmaterialsaremixedwithbiowasteandspontaneouslycompostedfor12weeksin practicalorientedcompostingconditions.Attheendofthecompostingcyclethedisintegrationismeasuredby sievingofthecompostandthecalculationofamassbalance.Theinfluenceofthete
19、stedsampleonthequalityof thecompostcanbestudiedbyusingthecompostobtainedattheendofthecompostingprocessforfurther measurementssuchaschemicalanalysesandecotoxicitytests. Additionallythismethodcanbeusedforvisualperceptionandphotographicdocumentationofthedisintegrationof packagingmaterialsandforevaluati
20、ngtheeffectoftheiradditiononthecompostingprocess. 2 Normativereferences ThisEuropeanStandardincorporatesbydatedorundatedreference,provisionsfromotherpublications.These normativereferencesarecitedattheappropriateplacesinthetextandthepublicationsarelistedhereafter.For datedreferences,subsequentamendme
21、ntstoorrevisionsofanyofthesepublicationsapplytothisEuropean Standardonlywhenincorporatedinitbyamendmentorrevision.Forundatedreferencesthelatesteditionofthe publicationreferredtoapplies(includingamendments). EN13193:2000, PackagingPackagingandtheenvironmentTerminology. ISO33102, TestsievesTechnicalre
22、quirementsandtestingPart2:Testsievesofperforatedmetalplate. 3 Termsanddefinitions ForthepurposesofthisEuropeanStandard,thefollowingtermsanddefinitionsandthosegiveninEN13193:2000 apply. 3.1 maturityofcompost stageofdevelopmentofcompost 3.2 totaldrysolids amountofsolidsobtainedbytakingaknownmassoftest
23、materialorcompostanddryingat105Ctoconstant weight 3.3 volatilesolids amountofsolidsobtainedbysubtractingtheresiduesofaknownmassoftestmaterialorcompostafter incinerationatabout550Cfromthetotaldrysolidscontentofthesamesample 4Principle Thedisintegrationtestunderdefinedcompostingconditionsonapilotscale
24、levelisastandardizedcomposting process. Thetestmaterialismixedinapreciseconcentrationwithfreshbiowasteandintroducedinadefinedcomposting environmentafterwhichthebiologicalcompostingprocessspontaneouslystarts.Anaturalubiquitousmicrobial populationwillstartthecompostingprocessandtemperatureincreasewill
25、happenspontaneously.Thecomposting massisregularlyturnedoverandmixed.Thetemperature,pH,moisturecontentandgascompositionwithinthe compostingmaterialareregularlymonitoredandhavetofulfillcertainrequirementsinordertoensuresufficientand appropriatemicrobialactivity.Thecompostingprocessiscontinuedtillfully
26、stabilizedcompostisobtained(after12 weeks).EN14045:2003(E) 6 Attheendofthecompostingprocess,thecompost/testmaterialmixtureissievedover2and10mm. Disintegrationofthepackagingmaterialisevaluatedaftersievingprocedure(6.1.3.2.).Ifpossibleamassbalance iscalculatedonthebasisofwetanddryweight.Thecompostobta
27、inedattheendofthecompostingprocesscan beusedforfurthermeasurementssuchaschemicalanalysesandecotoxicitytests. 5Apparatus 5.1Compostingenvironment 5.1.1General Compostingenvironmentmaybeeitherapilotscalecompostingbinornetsburiedinapilotscalecompostingbin. Thevolumeofeachbinshallbehighenoughfornaturals
28、elfheatingprocesstooccur.Sufficientaerationshallbe providedbyanairprovidingsystemandairdistributionshouldbeeven. NOTE Tostandardizeconditionsforthetestthecompostingtrialscanberuninbins,whichareplacedinaclimatic chamberwithaconstantchambertemperatureorininsulatedbins. Ifduringthespontaneousthermophil
29、icphasethecompostmassreachestemperatureshigherthan65Cthemicrobialspecies diversitycouldbereduced.Torestoreafullarrayofthermophilicmicrobes,itispossibletoreincoculatethemasswithmat ure compost(1%oftotalinitialbiowastemass)ofrecentorigin(max.3months). Reinoculationcanbedoneafterthetemperaturepeakatsta
30、rt.Additionally,itispossibletorestoreafullarrayofmesophili c microorganismsbyreinoculatingwithmaturecompost(1%oftotalinitialbiowastemass)ofrecentorigin(max.3months)after thethermophilicperiodinthetestisover(orinotherwords:atthestartofthemesophilicperiodinthetest,e.g.after 4or6 weeks). 5.1.2Compostin
31、g bin 5.1.2.1 Volumeandfitting Thebinsshall: haveavolumeofminimum140l; consistofasturdy,heatresistantupto120Candnonbiodegradablematerial; noteffectthecompostprocessandthequalityofthecompost. 5.1.2.2Drainage Adrainingsystemshallbeconstructedsuchthatthecompostwillnotflood. 5.1.3 Samplenets Thesamplene
32、ts,ifused,shallconsistofmeshlikematerialwithameshwidthof1mmmadeofnondegradable plastic,whichisresistanttotemperaturesupto120C. Theminimumvolumeshallbe20l. 5.2Apparatusfortemperaturemeasurement Measuringrange(0C100C)1CEN14045:2003(E) 7 5.3pHmeter 5.4Apparatusforoxygenanalysis(e.g.gaschromatography) 5
33、.5Sieveswithscreensof2and10mm(accordingtoISO33102) 6 Procedureofthetest 6.1Actionsduringincubation 6.1.1 Startupofthetest 6.1.1.1 Preparationofbiowaste Thecarriermatrixforthecompostingtestconsistsofbiowaste.Itisimportantthatforalltestseriesahomogeneous biowasteofthesameageandoriginisused.Thebiowaste
34、shallbereducedtoparticlesizesofmaximum50mm (e.g.byshreddingorsieving).Dependingonthetypeofwaste10%to60%ofbulkingagentofstructurallystable componentssuchaswoodchips,bark,etc.withasizebetween10mmand50mmshallbeadded.Inorderto ensureagoodcompostingprocessthebiowasteshallfulfilthefollowingcriteria: C/Nra
35、tioofthefreshbiowaste/bulkingagentmixtureshallbebetween20and30; moisturecontentshallbeabove50%( w/w)notexceedingitswaterholdingcapacity; volatilesolidscontentshallbeabove50%( w/w); pHshallbeabove5. NOTE1 Arepresentativesampleofthebiowasteshouldbemixedwithdemineralisedwaterinaratioof1:5(wetweight bas
36、ed),itshouldbelefttoitsettlefor5minandthenthepHintheliquidphaseshouldbemeasured. NOTE2 InordertocorrecttheC/Nratio,ureacanbeadded. Thebiowasteisobtainedfromtheinputmaterialfromacompostingplanttreatingpredominantlysourceseparated organicmunicipalwaste.Or,lesssatisfactorily,directlyfromhouseholds,groc
37、erystoresetc. Alternativelyarepresentativeartificial(selfcomposed)biowastecanbeused. NOTE3 Asanexamplethefollowingingredientscanbeused: freshmixedfruitandvegetablewaste; rabbitfeed(seedsanddriedextrudedvegetables); maturedcompost; urea(toadjusttheC/Nratio); plussufficientwatertoattainagoodmoistureco
38、ntent; plusbulkingagent(e.g.woodchipsorbark). NOTE4 Aftersievingat50mm,biowaste(especiallyurbanbiowaste)shouldnotbringanypackagingpieceswhichmaybe includedinthedisintegrationresultsofthetestedpackaging. 6.1.1.2 Preparationofthetestmaterial a) Ifthepurposeoftestisonlymeasurementofdisintegration,compo
39、stingprocessandcompostquality:EN14045:2003(E) 8 thetestmaterialshallbetestedinanidenticalform(e.g.shape,thickness)asfortheintendedfinaluse.Large materialscanbereducedinsizeto10cmx10cm. NOTE1 Asoptionacoloringagentmaybeaddedtothetestmaterialforeasierresegregation(e.g.TiO 2 orFe 2O3); NOTE2 Priortosta
40、rtup,thetestmaterialcanbeprewettedbyaddingwaterandmixing.Excesswaterisdiscardedagain. Theweightofwateraddedshouldbenoted. b) Ifthepurposeoftestincludesproductionofcompostforecotoxicitytests: Forecotoxicitytests,additionaltoa),testmaterialshallbeaddedundertheformoffinepowderorgranulate.The fineformsh
41、allpreventthemixtureofbiowaste/testmaterialofgettingtoobulky. NOTE Itisrecommendedtousepowderoftestmaterialwithdiameters500 m. 6.1.1.3 Numberoftestseries Thetestshallincludeatleast: a) 2seriesforthebiowastecontroland2seriesforthetestmaterialdisintegrationandcompostanalysis; b) 2seriesforthetestmater
42、ial(b1)disintegrationandcompostanalysisplusoptionally(b2)ecotoxicitytests; c) 2separateseriesonlyforecotoxicitytests(optionalto(b2). NOTE Somematerialsmaynotbesuitableforcombineddisintegrationandecotoxicitytestseries.Theirpowderor granulateform(9%)mayclot,stickormelttothetestmaterial(1%),whichwouldi
43、nterferewiththedisintegrationprocess and results.Therefore,ifsuchariskisidentified,2separatetestseriesshouldbeperformed. 6.1.1.4 Mixingratioofbiowasteandtestmaterial Eachcompostingtestseriesshallbeconductedwithroughlythesameamountofbiowaste(wetweightmin.60kg). Inordertogetthesamemassineachbin,theadditionoftestmaterialtothebiowasteinthetestbinsshallbe followedbytheadditionofasamemassofbiowastein
