1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 14437:2004 Determination of the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles for roofing Roof system test method The European Standard EN 14437:2004 has the status of a British Standard ICS 91.060.20; 91.100.25; 91.100.30 BS EN 14437:2004 This British Standard was pub
2、lished under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 15 December 2004 BSI 15 December 2004 ISBN 0 580 45089 9 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 14437:2004. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical
3、Committee B/542, Roofing and cladding products for discontinuous laying, to Subcommittee B/542/1, Slating and tiling, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which im
4、plement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication
5、does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/Euro
6、pean committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pa
7、ges 2 to 31 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEANSTANDARD NORMEEUROPENNE EUROPISCHENORM EN14437 November2004 ICS91.060.20;91.100.25;91.100.30 Englishversion
8、 Determinationoftheupliftresistanceofinstalledclayor concretetilesforroofingRoofsystemtestmethod Dterminationdelarsistanceausoulvementdestuiles terrecuiteoubtonmisesenoeuvresurlatoiture Methodedessaiparsystmedetoiture BestimmungdesAbhebewiderstandesvonverlegten DachziegelnoderDachsteinenPrfverfahren
9、fr Dachsysteme ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon13September2004. CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEurope an Standardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Uptodatelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcernings uchnati
10、onal standardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheCentralSecretariatortoanyCENmember. ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytra nslation undertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheCentralSecretariathasthesamestatu
11、sast heofficial versions. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France, Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUni
12、tedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2004CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.EN14437:2004:EEN 14437:2004 (E) 2 Contents page
13、Foreword4 Introduction .5 1 Scope 6 2 Normative references 6 3 Terms and definitions .6 4 Symbols and abbreviations 6 5 Sampling.7 6 Test conditions 7 7 Test material.7 8 Apparatus .8 8.1 Test rig 8 8.2 Cables .8 8.3 Force measuring device8 8.4 Measuring device for displacement of the roofing tiles
14、8 8.5 Measuring device for weight 8 9 Test procedure.8 9.1 Measurement of the weight 8 9.2 Installation of battens, roofing tiles and fixings.8 9.3 Determination of the location of the forces on the test roof.9 9.4 Measurement of the uplift resistance 10 10 Evaluation and expression of results12 11
15、Test report 13 Annex A (informative) Test rig 14 Annex B (normative) Arrangement of tiles on the test rig15 B.1 General15 B.2 Single lap interlocking tiles in straight bond15 B.3 Single lap interlocking tiles in broken bond .15 B.4 Tiles with double-lap .16 Annex C (informative) Fixing patterns to b
16、e tested 17 C.1 General17 C.2 Single lap interlocking tiles laid in straight bond.17 C.3 Single lap interlocking tiles laid in broken bond19 C.4 Tiles with double overlap20 Annex D (informative) Calculation of characteristic values.22 Annex E (informative) Calculation of the uplift resistance of cla
17、y or concrete tiles for roofing at various roof pitches, for a tested configuration.23 E.1 Correction for the influence of the weight of the roofing tiles23 E.2 Characteristic value of the strength of fixings .24 E.3 Uplift resistance of partially or fully fixed roofing tiles for various roof pitche
18、s25 Annex F (informative) Determining the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles for roofing in special roof zones26 EN 14437:2004 (E) 3 Annex G (informative) Considerations for partial safety factors for resistance27 G.1 Partial safety factors for resistance 27 G.2 Unfavourable devia
19、tions from representative values27 G.3 Systematic differences between test conditions and practical situations28 G.4 Differences between test conditions and practical situations developing in time 28 Annex H (informative) Examples of roof tiles for which the test method is not applicable .29 Annex I
20、 (informative) Test Rig Commissioning Calibrations 30 Bibliography31 EN 14437:2004 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 14437:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 128 “Roof covering products for discontinuous laying and products for wall cladding”, the secretariat of which is held by IB
21、N/BIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2005. This standard is applicable where the National app
22、lication standards, and/or regulations, specify a requirement for the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles for roofing. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: A
23、ustria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EN 14437:2004 (E) 5 Introduct
24、ion This document gives a test method and failure criteria for determining the uplift resistance of clay or concrete tiles for roofing. NOTE The results of this test may be used to determine the uplift force which can be withstood by the fixing, e.g. to withstand wind force. EN 14437:2004 (E) 6 1 Sc
25、ope This document specifies a test method to establish the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles for roofing, complying with the relevant product standard, EN 490 or EN 1304, which are unfixed or mechanically fixed to the substructure. NOTE The test method has been developed for clay
26、 or concrete tiles for roofing but may apply to other discontinuously laid small elements, such as: slates; fibre cement slates; and, stones. The test method is applicable to mechanical fixings such as clips, hooks, screws and nails. In case of mechanically fixed tiles, at least every third tile sha
27、ll be fixed. The method is not applicable for fixed tiles with fixing patterns with less than every third tile fixed. The test method is not applicable to under and over tiles. Examples of these tiles are given in Annex H. 2 Normative references Not applicable. 3 Terms and definitions For the purpos
28、es of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 discontinuously laid small elements elements to be used for roof covering and wall cladding which are installed as separate elements and collectively form the roof covering 3.2 roof pitch pitch of the roof structure, e.g. the rafter
29、s, counter battens, panels 3.3 characteristic value value of a material property having a prescribed probability of not being attained in a hypothetical unlimited test series. This value generally corresponds to a specified fractile of the assumed statistical distribution of the particular property
30、of the material 3.4 roof system comprises the structure of the battens, mechanical fixings (clips, hooks, nails and screws) as well as the laying specification for the roof covering products (clay and concrete tiles for roofing) 4 Symbols and abbreviations d maxthe maximum permissible displacement;
31、F tforce exerted on 16 tiles; k na factor depending on the number of tests n; L hthe hanging length of the tile; L ttotal length of tile; EN 14437:2004 (E) 7 m number of fixings on 16 roofing tiles; n number of tests; R ddesign uplift resistance of 16 roofing tiles; R kcharacteristic uplift resistan
32、ce of 16 roofing tiles; R r,iuplift resistance of 16 tiles in test i; R tuplift resistance of 16 tiles in a trial test; R xmean uplift resistance of 16 roofing tiles; s xstandard deviation of the uplift resistance of 16 roofing tiles; W iweight of a roofing tile; W kcharacteristic weight of a roofin
33、g tile at a roof pitch of 45 o ; W xmean weight of a roofing tile; roof pitch; partial safety factor for resistance, which may be defined by a national regulation. 5 Sampling The clay or concrete tiles for roofing selected shall be representative of the intended use. The battens selected shall be re
34、presentative i.e., in line with the tile product and instructions of the clip manufacturer. The fixings used for the test shall be representative of the manufactured product. In selecting the number of elements, refer to 7 and 9, taking into consideration the number of fixing patterns and that in ea
35、ch case a trial test and at least 3 tests shall be conducted. NOTE The specification of the battens may include a reference to a national code of practice. 6 Test conditions Unless specified otherwise, the roofing tiles, fixings and the test frame shall be conditioned for at least 24 h in an environ
36、ment of (20 5) C, and (60 20) % relative humidity, prior to the test. The manner of storage shall not interfere with the free exchange of moisture from or into the materials. The test shall be conducted in the same conditions as the storage. NOTE If in practice, the moisture content of the battens i
37、s expected to be different from the standard conditions, and if it is expected that this may influence the test results, this should be taken into account; e.g. by testing under the appropriate conditions and recording the moisture content of the battens used. 7 Test material The test materials shal
38、l be randomly chosen from the samples. EN 14437:2004 (E) 8 8 Apparatus 8.1 Test rig The test rig consists of a roof structure and auxiliary equipment to exert a force on the clay or concrete tiles for roofing. The roof structure shall have a roof pitch of (45 2). The test rig shall be able to exert
39、an equal uplift force on 16 roofing tiles from a minimum distance of 1,0 m to the surface of the roof covering and at an angle of (90 2) to the roof structure, at the start of the test. The test rig shall have sufficient capacity and stiffness for the test as not to influence the test result. The te
40、st rig shall be capable of applying an uplift force at a rate of not more than 50 N/s. NOTE 1 The test results obtained at 45 may be used for pitches up to 60. For pitches greater than 60 tests at the appropriate roof pitch are advised. NOTE 2 Annex A includes an example of the test rig. 8.2 Cables
41、The uplift force shall be exerted by using a cable. The cable shall be flexible, such that it minimises any overturning moment on the connection point, where the force is applied. 8.3 Force measuring device A calibrated force measuring device shall be used to determine the total uplift force on the
42、16 roofing tiles (refer to 9.3), having a maximum inaccuracy in combination with the reading equipment of 1 % of the measured value or 10 N, whichever is larger. 8.4 Measuring device for displacement of the roofing tiles A calibrated displacement measuring device shall be used to determine the displ
43、acement of the roofing tiles and shall have a maximum inaccuracy of 0,2 mm. The displacement measuring device shall not exert forces larger than 1 % of the uplift force measured on the 16 roofing tiles. The measuring device shall ensure that any displacement or twist of the roofing tiles is taken in
44、to account. NOTE This may be achieved by rigidly attaching a small flat plate to the measuring head, such that it always contacts the highest point on the roofing tile. 8.5 Measuring device for weight A calibrated weighing device shall be used to determine the weight of roofing tiles with a maximum
45、inaccuracy of 1 % of the measured value. 9 Test procedure 9.1 Measurement of the weight Determine the individual weight W iof at least 10 roofing tiles, where i indicates the number of the roofing tile weighed, after conditioning described in 6. 9.2 Installation of battens, roofing tiles and fixings
46、 The battens shall be fitted to the test rig. EN 14437:2004 (E) 9 The roofing tiles shall be installed on the battens in a lay-out intended to be tested. The overlap of the roofing tiles shall be the maximum specified for the intended use in the national regulations or codes of practice or by the ma
47、nufacturer. The boundary conditions for the installed roofing tiles on the test rig shall be representative of the intended application. For roofing tiles surrounded in the intended application by at least 2 courses and 2 columns of identical roofing tiles, the test requires a set of roofing tiles,
48、sufficient to cover at least 8 courses high and 8 columns wide, or at least 1,5 m high and 1,5 m wide, whichever is larger. NOTE 1 For interlocking, single lap clay or concrete tiles, the lowest course on the test rig may be omitted without loss of accuracy of the test result. The fixings shall be installed representatively of the intended use of the fixings and shall take into account the lay-out of the roofing tiles. NOTE 2 For roofing tiles that are within 2 courses or columns distance of eaves, verge, ridge or valley or within 1 course
