1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16715:2015Liquid petroleum products Determination of ignitiondelay and derived cetanenumber (DCN) of middledistillate fuels Ignitiondelay and combustion delaydetermination using a constantvolume combustion chamberwith direct fuel injectionBS EN 16715:2015 BRITISH STAND
2、ARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16715:2015.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/2, Liquid Fuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does n
3、ot purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 85393 7ICS 75.160.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obli
4、gations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2015.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16715:2015EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16715 August 2015 ICS 75.160.20 English Version Li
5、quid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels - Ignition delay and combustion delay determination using a constant volume combustion chamber with direct fuel injection Produits ptroliers liquides - Dtermination du dlai dinflammat
6、ion et de lindice de ctane driv (ICD) des distillats moyens - Dtermination du dlai dinflammation et de combustion en utilisant une chambre volume constant avec injection directe de gazole Flssige Minerallerzeugnisse - Bestimmung des Zndverzugs und der abgeleiteten Cetanzahl (ACZ) von Kraftstoffen au
7、s Mitteldestillaten - Bestimmung des Zndverzugs und des Verbrennungsverzugs in einer Verbrennungskammer mit konstantem Volumen und direkter Kraftstoffeinspritzung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 20 June 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations whi
8、ch stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This Eu
9、ropean Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members
10、are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
11、Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form an
12、d by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16715:2015 EBS EN 16715:2015EN 16715:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword .3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .6 4 Principle 7 5 Reagents and materials 7 6 Apparatus .8 7 Sampling
13、.8 8 Apparatus assembly and installation . 10 9 Preparation of apparatus . 10 9.1 System start-up and warm-up . 10 9.2 Standard operating and test conditions . 10 10 Calibration, verification and quality control 11 10.1 General . 11 10.2 Calibration . 11 10.3 Apparatus verification 12 10.4 Quality c
14、ontrol (QC) 12 11 Test procedure 13 12 Calculation . 13 13 Expression of results . 13 14 Precision 14 14.1 General . 14 14.2 Repeatability 14 14.3 Reproducibility 14 15 Test report . 15 Annex A (normative) Combustion analyser description . 16 A.1 General . 16 A.2 Apparatus description and assembly .
15、 16 A.3 Control and data acquisition . 18 Annex B (normative) Operational details in support to the standard test procedure 19 B.1 General . 19 B.2 Cleaning procedure to prepare fuel system for calibration . 19 B.3 Automatic calibration procedure 19 B.4 Test sequence . 20 B.5 Unit shutdown . 22 Bibl
16、iography . 23 BS EN 16715:2015EN 16715:2015 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN 16715:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. Thi
17、s European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2016 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of
18、the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement
19、 this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slo
20、vakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16715:2015EN 16715:2015 (E) 4 Introduction This European Standard is derived from joint standardization work within the Energy Institute and ASTM International. It is based on and technically equivalent with ASTM D7668
21、 1. The described method is an alternative quantitative determination of the cetane number of middle distillate fuels intended for use in compression ignition engines. A correlation study between this method and EN ISO 5165:1998 2 has been done and the results of this are incorporated in this Europe
22、an Standard. Research Report RR: D02-1771 3. The basis of this method is the derived cetane number (DCN) correlation equation as given in Clause 12. The on-going validation of the equation is monitored and evaluated through the existing American and European fuel exchange programs. The validation da
23、ta will be reviewed by CEN/TC 19 with a frequency of at least every two years. As a result of the review, CEN/TC 19 may make the decision to, if necessary, modify the existing equation/correlation or develop a new one. As part of this review, the sample types will be examined, and if certain types a
24、re underrepresented, further steps may be taken to evaluate how they perform. The ignition delay (ID) and combustion delay (CD) values and the DCN value determined by this test method can provide a measure of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel oil used in compression ignition engines. This
25、test is for use by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a specification aid to relate or match fuels and engines. This test is also applicable to non-conventional diesel fuels. For the moment the basics of one type of apparatus are described. Once more correlati
26、on data on different types of derived cetane number testing equipment is available, CEN/TC 19 will consider revising this European Standard. BS EN 16715:2015EN 16715:2015 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a test method for the quantitative determination of ignition and combustion delays
27、 of middle distillate fuels intended for use in compression ignition engines. The method utilizes a constant volume combustion chamber with direct fuel injection into heated, compressed synthetic air. A dynamic pressure wave is produced from the combustion of the product under test. An equation is g
28、iven to calculate the derived cetane number (DCN) from the ignition and combustion delays determined from the dynamic pressure curve. This European Standard is applicable to middle distillate fuels, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and blends of diesel fuels and FAME. The method is also applicable to
29、 middle distillate fuels of non-petroleum origin, oil-sands based fuels, blends of fuel containing biodiesel material, diesel fuel oils containing cetane number improver additives and low-sulfur diesel fuel oils. However, users applying this standard especially to unconventional distillate fuels are
30、 warned that the relationship between derived cetane number and combustion behaviour in real engines is not yet fully understood. This European Standard covers the ignition delay range from 2,47 ms to 4,09 ms and combustion delay from 3,71 ms to 6,74 ms (67 DCN to 39 DCN). NOTE 1 The combustion anal
31、yser can measure shorter or longer ignition and combustion delays, but precision is not known. NOTE 2 There is no information about how DCNs outside the 67 to 39 range compare to EN ISO 5165. NOTE 3 For the purpose of this European Standard, the expression “% (V/V)” is used to represent the volume f
32、raction (), and “% (m/m)” the mass fraction (). WARNING The use of this standard can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of users of this standard to take appropr
33、iate measures to ensure the safety and health of personnel prior to application of the standard, and fulfil statutory and regulatory requirements for this purpose. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable f
34、or its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO 3170, Petroleum liquids - Manual sampling (ISO 3170) EN ISO 3171, Petroleum liquids - Automatic pipeline sampling
35、 (ISO 3171) EN ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use - Specification and test methods (ISO 3696) ISO 1998-2, Petroleum industry - Terminology - Part 2: Properties and tests IP 537, Determination of the purity of Derived Cetane Number reference materials - Gas chromatography method BS EN 1671
36、5:2015EN 16715:2015 (E) 6 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1998-2 and the following apply. 3.1 cetane number CN measure of the ignition performance of a diesel fuel in a standardized engine test on a scale defined by reference fuels No
37、te 1 to entry: It is expressed as the percentage by volume of hexadecane (cetane) in a reference blend having the same ignition delay as the fuel for analysis. The higher the cetane number, the shorter the ignition delay. 3.2 ignition delay ID period of time, in milliseconds (ms), between the start
38、of fuel injection and the start of combustion Note 1 to entry: In the context of this test method, the start of fuel injection is interpreted as the rise in the electronic signal that opens the injector and the combustion start is interpreted as the first increase of the chamber pressure during the
39、combustion cycle, as measured by a pressure sensor in the combustion chamber. 3.3 combustion delay CD period of time, in milliseconds (ms), between the start of fuel injection and mid-point of the combustion pressure curve Note 1 to entry: In the context of this test method, the start of fuel inject
40、ion is interpreted as the rise in the electronic signal that opens the injector and the combustion pressure curve mid-point is interpreted as the part of the pressure curve midway between the initial chamber pressure and the maximum pressure generated during the combustion cycle, as measured by a pr
41、essure sensor in the combustion chamber. The combustion delay CD measures the time between the injection of the sample and phase of combustion controlled by the diffusive mixing of the air and fuel. 3.4 derived cetane number DCN number calculated by using an equation that correlates a combustion ana
42、lysers ignition and combustion delays to the cetane number 3.5 accepted reference value ARV value agreed upon as a reference for comparison Note 1 to entry: The value is derived as (1) a theoretical or established value, based in scientific principles, (2) an assigned value, based on experimental wo
43、rk of some national or international organization, or (3) a consensus value, based on collaborative experimental work under the auspices of a scientific or engineering group. 3.6 quality control sample QC sample stable and homogenous material(s) similar in nature to the materials under test, properl
44、y stored to ensure integrity, and available in sufficient quantity for repeated long-term testing 3.7 calibration reference fluid stable and homogenous fluid used to calibrate the performance of the combustion analyser BS EN 16715:2015EN 16715:2015 (E) 7 3.8 verification reference fluid stable and h
45、omogenous fluid used to verify the performance of the combustion analyser 4 Principle A test portion of the material under test is injected into a temperature and pressure controlled, constant volume combustion chamber, which has previously been charged with synthetic air of a specified quality. Eac
46、h injection produces a compression ignition combustion cycle detected using a pressure sensor. The ignition delay and combustion delay are measured from the rise of the electronic signal that activates the injector solenoid to two specific points along the combustion pressure wave produced by the co
47、mbustion cycle. A complete sequence comprises 5 preliminary injection cycles and 15 subsequent injection cycles used for the sample analysis. The ID and CD measurements for the last 15 injection cycles are statistically reviewed and the outlying IDs and CDs are eliminated using Peirces Criterion 4.
48、The remaining IDs and CDs are averaged to produce the ID and CD results. An equation is given to calculate the derived cetane number (DCN) from the ignition and combustion delays determined from the dynamic pressure curve. The DCN obtained by this procedure is an estimate of the cetane number (CN) o
49、btained from the conventional large-scale engine test EN ISO 5165 2. 5 Reagents and materials 5.1 Calibration reference fluid, 40:60 mixture by weight of hexadecane and 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane, respectively, measured with an accuracy of 0,01 percent. For peroxide-free material the assigned IDARVis 2,96 ms and the assigned CDARVis 4,90 ms. 5.1.1 Hexadecane, minimum purity of 99,0 % (m/m). 5.1.2 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane, minimum purity of 98,0 % (m/m). IMPORTANT Hydrocarbons can form peroxides and other free radicals forming con
