1、BSI Standards PublicationWind turbinesPart 2: Small wind turbinesBS EN 61400-2:2014National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 61400-2:2014. It is identical to IEC 61400-2:2013. It supersedes BS EN 61400-2:2006 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was
2、entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PEL/88, Wind turbines.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions ofa contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The Britis
3、h Standards Institution 2014.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 75719 8ICS 27.180Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2014
4、.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS EN 61400-2:2014EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 61400-2 October 2014 ICS 27.180 Supersedes EN 61400-2:2006 English Version Wind turbines - Part 2: Small wind turbines (IEC 61400-2:2013) Eoliennes- Partie 2:
5、Petits arognrateurs (CEI 61400-2:2013) Windenergieanlagen - Teil 2: Anforderungen fr kleine Windenergieanlagen (IEC 61400-2:2013) This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2014-01-16. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions
6、 for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CENELEC member. This European Standard exists
7、in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CENELEC members are the nationa
8、l electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portug
9、al, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische Normung CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000
10、 Brussels 2014 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members. Ref. No. EN 61400-2:2014 E BS EN 61400-2:2014EN 61400-2:2014 - 2 - Foreword The text of document 88/465/FDIS, future edition 3 of IEC 61400-2, prepared by IEC/TC 88 “Wind turbines“
11、and ISO/TC 60 “Gears“ was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN 61400-2:2014. The following dates are fixed: latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2015-04-1
12、0 latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the document have to be withdrawn (dow) 2017-01-16 This document supersedes EN 61400-2:2006 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CENELEC and/or CEN shall no
13、t be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IEC 61400-2:2013 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without any modification. In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for
14、 the standards indicated: IEC 60034 (Series) NOTE Harmonized as EN 60034 (Series). IEC 60364 (Series) NOTE Harmonized as HD 60364 (Series). IEC 60529:1989 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60529:1991. IEC 61400-1:2005 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61400-1:2005. IEC 61400-4 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61400-4. IEC 61400-21:20
15、08 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61400-21:2008. IEC 61400-22:2010 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61400-22:2011. IEC 61400-24 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61400-24. ISO/IEC 17020:2012 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO/IEC 17020:2012. ISO 9000 (Series) NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 9000 (Series). ISO 9001:2008 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO
16、9001:2008. BS EN 61400-2:2014- 3 - EN 61400-2:2014 Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its applicatio
17、n. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE 1 When an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD applies. NOTE
18、2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here: www.cenelec.eu Publication Year Title EN/HD Year IEC 60038 (mod) 2009 IEC standard voltages EN 60038 2011 IEC 60204-1 (mod) 2005 Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines -
19、Part 1: General requirements EN 60204-1 2006 +prA11 +EN 60204-1:2006/corrigendum Feb. 2010 2010 IEC 60364-5-54 - Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 5-54: Selection and erection of electrical equipment - Earthing arrangements and protective conductors HD 60364-5-54 - +FprAA 2011 IEC 60721-2-
20、1 - Classification of environmental conditions - Part 2-1: Environmental conditions appearing in nature - Temperature and humidity EN 60721-2-1 - IEC 61400-1 2005 Wind turbines - Part 1: Design requirements EN 61400-1 2005 +prA IEC 61400-11 - Wind turbines - Part 11: Acoustic noise measurement techn
21、iques EN 61400-11 - IEC 61400-12-1 2005 Wind turbines - Part 12-1: Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines EN 61400-12-1 2006 IEC 61643-11 (mod) 2011 Low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 11: Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power systems - Requir
22、ements and test methods EN 61643-11 2012 ISO 2394 1998 General principles on reliability for structures - - IEC/TS 61400-13 - Wind turbine generator systems - Part 13: Measurement of mechanical loads - - IEC/TS 61400-23 2001 Wind turbine generator systems - Part 23: Full-scale structural testing of
23、rotor blades - - ISO/IEC 17025 - General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories EN ISO/IEC 17025 - BS EN 61400-2:2014 2 61400-2 IEC:2013 CONTENTS 1 Scope 11 2 Normative references 11 3 Terms and definitions 12 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 21 4.1 General 21 4.2 S
24、ymbols . 21 4.3 Coordinate system . 25 5 Principal elements . 26 5.1 General 26 5.2 Design methods . 27 5.3 Quality assurance 27 I Design evaluation 29 6 External conditions 29 6.1 General 29 6.2 SWT classes 29 6.3 Wind conditions . 30 6.3.1 General 30 6.3.2 Normal wind conditions . 30 6.3.3 Extreme
25、 wind conditions . 32 6.4 Other environmental conditions 36 6.4.1 General 36 6.4.2 Other normal environmental conditions . 37 6.4.3 Other extreme environmental conditions . 37 6.5 Controlled test conditions . 38 6.6 Electrical load conditions . 38 6.6.1 General 38 6.6.2 For turbines connected to the
26、 electrical power network . 38 6.6.3 For turbines not connected to the electrical power network . 38 7 Structural design . 39 7.1 General 39 7.2 Design methodology 39 7.3 Loads and load cases 39 7.3.1 General 39 7.3.2 Vibration, inertial and gravitational loads 39 7.3.3 Aerodynamic loads . 39 7.3.4
27、Operational loads . 40 7.3.5 Other loads . 40 7.3.6 Load cases . 40 7.4 Simplified loads methodology . 40 7.4.1 General 40 7.4.2 Load case A: normal operation . 42 7.4.3 Load case B: yawing . 43 7.4.4 Load case C: yaw error . 44 7.4.5 Load case D: maximum thrust . 44 7.4.6 Load case E: maximum rotat
28、ional speed . 44 BS EN 61400-2:201461400-2 IEC:2013 3 7.4.7 Load case F: short at load connection 44 7.4.8 Load case G: shutdown (braking) . 44 7.4.9 Load case H: extreme wind loading 45 7.4.10 Load case I: parked wind loading, maximum exposure 46 7.4.11 Load case J: transportation, assembly, mainte
29、nance and repair 47 7.5 Simulation modelling 47 7.5.1 General 47 7.5.2 Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.5) 48 7.5.3 Power production plus occurrence of fault (DLC 2.1 to 2.3). 49 7.5.4 Normal shutdown (DLC 3.1 and 3.2) . 49 7.5.5 Emergency or manual shutdown (DLC 4.1) . 49 7.5.6 Extreme wind loading (
30、stand-still or idling or spinning) (DLC 5.1 to 5.2) . 49 7.5.7 Parked plus fault conditions (DLC 6.1) 50 7.5.8 Transportation, assembly, maintenance and repair (DLC 7.1) . 50 7.5.9 Load calculations 50 7.6 Load measurements. 50 7.7 Stress calculation 50 7.8 Safety factors. 51 7.8.1 Material factors
31、and requirements . 51 7.8.2 Partial safety factor for loads 52 7.9 Limit state analysis 52 7.9.1 Ultimate strength analysis . 52 7.9.2 Fatigue failure 53 7.9.3 Critical deflection analysis 53 8 Protection and shutdown system . 54 8.1 General 54 8.2 Functional requirements of the protection system 54
32、 8.3 Manual shutdown . 54 8.4 Shutdown for maintenance . 55 9 Electrical system . 55 9.1 General 55 9.2 Protective devices 55 9.3 Disconnect device 56 9.4 Earthing (grounding) systems 56 9.5 Lightning protection . 56 9.6 Electrical conductors and cables 56 9.7 Electrical loads 56 9.7.1 General 56 9.
33、7.2 Battery charging . 56 9.7.3 Electrical power network (grid connected systems) . 57 9.7.4 Direct connect to electric motors (e.g. water pumping) 57 9.7.5 Direct resistive load (e.g. heating) 57 9.8 Local requirements 57 10 Support structure . 58 10.1 General 58 10.2 Dynamic requirements . 58 10.3
34、 Environmental factors 58 BS EN 61400-2:2014 4 61400-2 IEC:2013 10.4 Earthing . 58 10.5 Foundation . 58 10.6 Turbine access design loads 58 11 Documentation requirements . 58 11.1 General 58 11.2 Product manuals 59 11.2.1 General 59 11.2.2 Specification . 59 11.2.3 Installation 60 11.2.4 Operation .
35、 60 11.2.5 Maintenance and routine inspection 61 11.3 Consumer label 62 12 Wind turbine markings . 62 II Type testing. 63 13 Testing 63 13.1 General 63 13.2 Tests to verify design data . 63 13.2.1 General 63 13.2.2 Pdesign, ndesign, Vdesign and Qdesign63 13.2.3 Maximum yaw rate 64 13.2.4 Maximum rot
36、ational speed 64 13.3 Mechanical loads testing 64 13.4 Duration testing . 65 13.4.1 General 65 13.4.2 Reliable operation 66 13.4.3 Dynamic behaviour . 68 13.4.4 Reporting of duration test . 69 13.5 Mechanical component testing . 70 13.5.1 General 70 13.5.2 Blade test . 70 13.5.3 Hub test 71 13.5.4 N
37、acelle frame test 71 13.5.5 Yaw mechanism test . 71 13.5.6 Gearbox test . 71 13.6 Safety and function 71 13.7 Environmental testing 72 13.8 Electrical 72 Annex A (informative) Variants of small wind turbine systems 73 A.1 General 73 A.2 Example 1: power forms. 73 A.3 Example 2: blades . 73 A.4 Examp
38、le 3: support structures 73 Annex B (normative) Design parameters for describing SWT class S . 75 Annex C (informative) Stochastic turbulence models 76 C.1 General 76 C.2 Exponential coherency model 77 C.3 Von Karman isotropic turbulence model . 77 Annex D (informative) Deterministic turbulence desc
39、ription 79 BS EN 61400-2:201461400-2 IEC:2013 5 Annex E (informative) Partial safety factors for materials . 81 E.1 General 81 E.2 Symbols . 81 E.3 Characteristic value versus design values 81 E.4 Material factors and requirements 82 E.4.1 General 82 E.4.2 Composites 83 E.4.3 Metals 85 E.4.4 Wood 85
40、 E.5 Geometry effects . 88 E.6 Reference documents 89 Annex F (informative) Development of the simplified loads methodology 90 F.1 Symbols used in this annex 90 F.2 General 91 F.3 Caution regarding use of simplified equations 91 F.4 General relationships . 92 F.5 Reference documents 100 Annex G (inf
41、ormative) Example of test reporting formats . 101 G.1 Overview 101 G.2 Duration test 101 G.2.1 General 101 G.2.2 Table summarizing the duration test results 101 G.2.3 Plot showing any potential power degradation 102 G.3 Power/energy performance 102 G.3.1 General 102 G.4 Acoustic noise test . 105 Ann
42、ex H (informative) EMC measurements 106 H.1 Overview 106 H.2 Measurement for radiated emissions 106 H.3 Measurements of conducted emissions 108 H.4 Reference documents 108 Annex I (normative) Natural frequency analysis . 110 Annex J (informative) Extreme environmental conditions . 112 J.1 Overview 1
43、12 J.2 Extreme conditions 112 J.3 Low temperature 112 J.4 Ice . 112 J.5 High temperature . 113 J.6 Marine . 113 Annex K (informative) Extreme wind conditions of tropical cyclones . 114 K.1 General 114 K.2 Using SWT classes in tropical cyclone areas . 114 K.3 Extreme wind conditions 114 K.3.1 Definit
44、ion of tropical cyclones . 114 K.3.2 General features of tropical cyclones 114 K.3.3 Extreme wind conditions . 115 K.4 Stochastic simulation (Monte Carlo simulation) 116 K.5 Reference documents 117 BS EN 61400-2:2014 6 61400-2 IEC:2013 Annex L (informative) Other wind conditions 120 L.1 General 120
45、L.2 Typical situations . 120 L.3 Directionally dependent flow 120 L.4 Inclined flow . 120 L.5 Turbulence . 122 L.6 Extreme wind direction changes . 125 L.7 Gust factors . 126 L.8 Reference documents 127 Annex M (informative) Consumer label 128 M.1 General 128 M.2 Administration 128 M.2.1 General 128
46、 M.2.2 Test summary report . 128 M.2.3 Publication of labels . 129 M.2.4 Wind turbine variants 129 M.3 Tests for labelling 129 M.3.1 General 129 M.3.2 Duration test . 129 M.3.3 Power curve and reference annual energy 130 M.3.4 Acoustic noise test . 130 M.4 Label layout . 130 M.5 Reference documents
47、130 Bibliography 133 Figure 1 Definition of the system of axes for HAWT . 25 Figure 2 Definition of the system of axes for VAWT . 26 Figure 3 IEC 61400-2 decision path . 28 Figure 4 Characteristic wind turbulence . 32 Figure 5 Example of extreme operating gust (N=1, Vhub= 25 m/s) 33 Figure 6 Example
48、 of extreme direction change magnitude (N = 50, D = 5 m, zhub= 20 m) 35 Figure 7 Example of extreme direction change transient (N = 50, Vhub= 25 m/s) 35 Figure 8 Extreme coherent gust (Vhub= 25 m/s) (ECG) . 35 Figure 9 The direction change for ECD 36 Figure 10 Time development of direction change fo
49、r Vhub= 25 m/s . 36 Figure E.1 Normal and Weibull distribution 82 Figure E.2 Typical S-N diagram for fatigue of glass fibre composites (Figure 41 from reference E.2) . 84 Figure E.3 Typical environmental effects on glass fibre composites (Figure 25 from reference E.2) . 84 Figure E.4 Fatigue strain diagram for large tow unidirectional 0 carbon fibre/vinyl ester composites, R = 0,1 and 10 (Figure 107 from reference E.2) 84 Figure E.5 S-N curves for fatigue of typical
