1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 16948:2015Solid biofuels Determinationof total content of carbon,hydrogen and nitrogenBS EN ISO 16948:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO16948:2015. It supersedes BS EN 15104:2011 which is withdrawn.The UK
2、participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible f
3、or its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 81463 1ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy a
4、nd Strategy Committee on 31 May 2015.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 16948 May 2015 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes EN 15104:2011English Version Solid biofuels - Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (IS
5、O 16948:2015) Biocombustibles solides - Dtermination de la teneur totale en carbone, hydrogne et azote (ISO 16948:2015) Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Gesamtgehaltes an Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff und Stickstoff - Instrumentelle Verfahren (ISO 16948:2015) This European Standard was approved b
6、y CEN on 31 January 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national stan
7、dards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and n
8、otified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
9、 Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC
10、Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 16948:2015 EBS EN ISO 16948:2015EN ISO 16948:2015 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN ISO 16948:2015) has been prepared by T
11、echnical Committee ISO/TC 238 “Solid biofuels“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the
12、latest by November 2015, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2015. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or
13、 all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 15104:2011. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following c
14、ountries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
15、 Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 16948:2015 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16948:2015 without any modification. BS EN ISO 16948:2015ISO 16948:2015(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12
16、Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principle 25 Reagents and calibration substances 25.1 General . 25.2 Carrier gas . 25.3 Oxygen 25.4 Additional reagents . 25.5 Calibration substances . 25.6 Use of Certified Reference Materials (CRM or SRM) 36 Apparatus . 37 Preparation of the test
17、sample . 48 Procedure. 48.1 Preparation of the test portion . 48.2 Calibration of the apparatus 48.3 Analysis of test samples 49 Expression of results 510 Performance characteristics 511 Test report . 5Annex A (informative) Performance data . 7Bibliography 9 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents
18、PageBS EN ISO 16948:2015ISO 16948:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member bo
19、dy interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrot
20、echnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of IS
21、O documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directivesAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsib
22、le for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patentsAny trade name used in this document is information given for the co
23、nvenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Forew
24、ord - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.For the purposes of research on instrumental methods for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents in solid biofuels standards, users are encouraged to share their views o
25、n ISO 16948:2015 and their priorities for changes to future editions of the document. Click on the link below to take part in the online survey:ISO 16948 online surveyiv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 16948:2015ISO 16948:2015(E)IntroductionInstrumental methods for the analysis of carbon, hydr
26、ogen and nitrogen are now in widespread and in regular use, often in preference to formerly developed chemical methods for which International Standards exist.The reliable determination of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen is important for quality control and the results can be used as input parameters
27、for calculations applied to the combustion of solid biofuels. The environmental importance of the nitrogen content is linked to emissions of NOx(formation of fuel NOx). Hydrogen content is important for calculation of the net calorific value. Carbon content is required for the determination of CO2-e
28、missions.It is recognized that the Kjeldahl method is most reliable for determining nitrogen contents with a concentration lower than 0,1 %. Possible suitable methods are summarized in the bibliography. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS EN ISO 16948:2015BS EN ISO 16948:2015Solid biofuels Determinatio
29、n of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen1 ScopeThis International Standard describes a method for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents in solid biofuels.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this docu
30、ment and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 16559, Solid biofuels Terminology, definitions and descriptionsISO 147801), Solid Biofuel
31、s Sample preparationISO 16993, Solid biofuels Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document the terms and definitions given in ISO 16559 and the following apply.3.1reference materialRMmaterial or substance one or more of whose prop
32、erty values are sufficiently homogeneous and well established to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a measurement method, or for assigning values to materials3.2certified reference materialCRMreference material, accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose property
33、values are certified by a procedure which establishes traceability to an accurate realisation of the unit in which the property values are expressed, and for which each certified value is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level of confidence3.3NIST standard reference materialSRMCRM issued by
34、 NIST that also meets additional NIST-specific certification criteria and is issued with a certificate or certificate of analysis that reports the results of its characterisations and provides information regarding the appropriate use(s) of the materialNote 1 to entry: The National Institute of Stan
35、dards and Technology (NIST), known between 1901 and 1988 as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), is a measurement standards laboratory, also known as a National Metrological Institute (NMI), which is a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce1) To be prepared.INTERNATIONA
36、L STANDARD ISO 16948:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 16948:2015ISO 16948:2015(E)4 PrincipleA known mass of sample is burnt in oxygen, or in an oxygen/carrier gas mixture, under conditions such that it is converted into ash and gaseous products of combustion. These consist mainly of c
37、arbon dioxide, water vapour, elemental nitrogen and/or oxides of nitrogen, oxides and oxyacids of sulfur and hydrogen halides. The products of combustion are treated to ensure that any hydrogen associated with sulfur or halides products of combustion are liberated as water vapour. Oxides of nitrogen
38、 are reduced to nitrogen, and those products of combustion which would interfere with the subsequent gas-analysis procedures are removed. The carbon dioxide, water vapour and nitrogen mass fractions of the gas stream are then determined quantitatively by appropriate instrumental gas analysis procedu
39、res.5 Reagents and calibration substances5.1 GeneralWARNING Care should be exercised when handling reagents, many of which are toxic and corrosive.Unless otherwise stated, use only reagents and calibration standards of recognized analytical grade for the analysis.5.2 Carrier gasThe carrier gas used
40、is helium or another suitable gas as specified by the instrument manufacturer.5.3 OxygenOxygen is used as specified by the instrument manufacturer.5.4 Additional reagentsAdditional reagents are of types and qualities as specified by the instrument manufacturer.5.5 Calibration substancesExamples of p
41、ure organic substances suitable for calibration are given in Table 1.Table 1 Examples of suitable calibration substances and their theoretical C, H and N contentsName Formula % C % H % NAcetanilide C8H9NO 71,1 6,7 10,4Atropin C17H23NO370,6 8,0 4,8Benzoic acid C7H6O268,8 5,0 0,0Cystine C6H12N2O4S230,
42、0 5,0 11,7Diphenyl amine C12H11N 85,2 6,6 8,3EDTA C10H16N2O841,1 5,5 9,6Phenylalanine C9H11NO265,4 6,7 8,5Sulfanil amide C6H8N2O2S 41,8 4,7 16,3Sulfanilic acid C6H7NO3S 41,6 4,1 8,1TRIS C4H11NO339,7 9,2 11,62 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 16948:2015ISO 16948:2015(E)The materials shall be dry
43、 and of high purity, i.e. more than 99,9 %. For calibration purposes, the contents of C, H and N according to the certificate of the materials shall be used, not the theoretical contents. Other pure materials can be used provided that they meet the requirement of this standard.5.6 Use of Certified R
44、eference Materials (CRM or SRM)Use certified reference materials, issued by an internationally recognized authority, to check if the accuracy of the calibration meets the required performance characteristics. Examples of certified reference materials are: NBS 1573 tomato leaves and NBS 1575 pine nee
45、dles.When, due to matrix effects or concentration range limitations, no good recoveries for the certified reference materials can be obtained, calibration with at least two CRM or SRM materials, may solve these problems. In that case CRM or SRM materials other than used for the calibration shall be
46、used for verification purposes.NOTE A CRM or SRM is prepared and used for three main purposes:a) to help develop accurate methods of analysis;b) to calibrate measurement systems used to facilitate exchange of goods, institute quality control, determine performance characteristics, or measure a prope
47、rty at the state-of-the-art limit;c) to ensure the long-term adequacy and integrity of measurement quality assurance programs.6 ApparatusNo specific design of systems is presented here because there are a range of components and configurations available, which can be used to carry out the test metho
48、d satisfactorily.The apparatus shall, however, meet the following functional requirements:a) The conditions of combustion of the sample shall be such that all of the carbon (including that in mineral carbonates), the hydrogen (including that in the water of constitution of the minerals), and the nit
49、rogen present, shall be converted into carbon dioxide, water vapour (except for hydrogen associated with oxyacids of sulfur and volatile halides), and gaseous nitrogen and/or oxides of nitrogen respectively.b) The combustion gases, or a representative aliquot, shall be treated to remove and/or separate out any components which would subsequently interfere with the detection and measurement of the carbon dioxide, water vapour or nitrogen in the gas stream.c) Hydrogen present as hydrogen halides or sulfur oxyacids shall be liberated, as water vapour,
