1、BS EN ISO 16993:2016Solid biofuels Conversionof analytical results fromone basis to another (ISO16993:2016)BSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS EN ISO 16993:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 1
2、6993:2016. It supersedes BS EN ISO 16993:2015 which iswithdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to i
3、nclude all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 92381 4 ICS 27.190; 75.160.10 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obliga
4、tions.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 16993 July 2016 ICS 75.160.10; 27.190 Supe
5、rsedes EN ISO 16993:2015English Version Solid biofuels - Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another (ISO 16993:2016) Biocombustibles solides - Conversion de rsultats analytiques dune base en une autre base (ISO 16993:2016) Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Umwandlung von Analysenergebnissen
6、einer Bezugsbasis in Ergebnisse mit anderer Bezugsbasis (ISO 16993:2016) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 June 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national sta
7、ndard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in
8、any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Re
9、public, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPE
10、AN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 16993:2016 EBS
11、 EN ISO 16993:2016EN ISO 16993:2016 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN ISO 16993:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 “Solid biofuels“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard sha
12、ll be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2017, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2017. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this doc
13、ument may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN ISO 16993:2015. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries ar
14、e bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Po
15、rtugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 16993:2016 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16993:2016 without any modification. BS EN ISO 16993:2016ISO 16993:2016(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative r
16、eferences 13 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 14 Principle 25 Calculations for analyses of solid biofuels . 25.1 General . 25.2 Extra calculations for hydrogen, oxygen, and net calorific value 25.2.1 Hydrogen 25.2.2 Oxygen 25.2.3 Net calorific value . 35.3 General formulae for the conversion from one
17、 basis to another basis. 3Annex A (informative) Tools for integrity check 4Annex B (informative) Tables with units and conversion factors 7Annex C (informative) Guideline for the use of validation parameters . 8Bibliography .10 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS EN ISO 16993:2016ISO 169
18、93:2016(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for
19、which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on al
20、l matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. Th
21、is document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or
22、 all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users
23、and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary
24、information.The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 16993:2015), of which it constitutes a minor revision.iv ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 16993:2016ISO 16993:2016(E)IntroductionIn the Internati
25、onal Standards covering the analysis of solid biofuels, it is generally specified that the determination is intended to be carried out on the air-dried or in air-equilibrated general analysis test sample prepared according to ISO 14780. However, in making use of these analyses, it is necessary to ex
26、press the results on dry basis and sometimes, also on some other basis. The bases in common use for solid biofuels are “air-dried” (sometimes stated as “as determined”), “as received” (sometimes stated “as sampled” or “as delivered”), “dry”, and “dry, ash free”. ISO 2016 All rights reserved vBS EN I
27、SO 16993:2016BS EN ISO 16993:2016Solid biofuels Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another1 ScopeThis International Standard gives formulae which allow analytical data relating to solid biofuels to be expressed on the different bases in common use. Consideration is given to correctio
28、ns that can be applied to certain determined values for solid biofuels prior to their calculation to other bases.In Annex A, tools for integrity checks of analytical results are given. In Annex B, conversion factors for calculation into other units are given. Annex C is a guideline for the use of va
29、lidation parameters as can be found in ISO/TC 238 analytical standards.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated referenc
30、es, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 16948:2015, Solid biofuels Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogenISO 16994, Solid biofuels Determination of total content of sulphur and chlorineISO 18122, Solid biofuels Determination o
31、f ash contentISO 181251), Solid biofuels Determination of calorific valueISO 18134-1, Solid biofuels Determination of moisture content Oven dry method Part 1: Total moisture Reference methodISO 18134-2, Solid biofuels Determination of moisture content Oven dry method Part 2: Total moisture Simplifie
32、d methodISO 18134-3, Solid biofuels Determination of moisture content Oven dry method Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample3 Symbols and abbreviated termsThe symbols employed in the subsequent clauses are as follows, with the suffixes “ad” (air-dried), “ar” (as received), “d” (dry), and “daf”
33、(dry, ash free), where appropriate.A ash (percentage by mass) according to ISO 18122C total carbon content (percentage by mass) according to ISO 16948Cl total chlorine content (percentage by mass) according to ISO 16994qp,netnet calorific value at constant pressure (J/g) according to ISO 18125H tota
34、l hydrogen content (percentage by mass) according to ISO 169481) To be published.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16993:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 16993:2016ISO 16993:2016(E)M moisture content (percentage by mass) according to ISO 18134-1, ISO 18134-2, and ISO 18134-3N total nitrogen
35、content (percentage by mass) according to ISO 16948O total oxygen content (percentage by mass)S total sulfur content (percentage by mass) according to ISO 169944 PrincipleIn order to convert an analytical result expressed as one basis to another basis, it is multiplied by a factor calculated from th
36、e appropriate formulae (see Table 1), after insertion of the requisite numerical values into the formula in question.5 Calculations for analyses of solid biofuels5.1 GeneralMost analytical values on a particular basis can be converted to any other basis by multiplying it by a factor calculated from
37、the appropriate formula given in Table 1, after insertion of the requisite numerical values into the formula in question. However, for some parameters, there is a direct involvement of the moisture content. In these cases, a correction (as specified in 5.2) of the air-dried result shall be carried o
38、ut before calculation to dry basis or dry, ash-free basis. Also, if a result for these parameters expressed on a dry or a dry, ash-free basis is to be recalculated to a moist basis, the corrections stated in 5.2 shall be added back to the actual moist basis after applying the appropriate formula fro
39、m Table 1.5.2 Extra calculations for hydrogen, oxygen, and net calorific value5.2.1 HydrogenThe hydrogen content determined on the air-dried basis (Had, as analysed) includes both the hydrogen content of the combustible part of the solid biofuel, as well as the hydrogen present in the sample as mois
40、ture (total hydrogen content). Before calculation to any other basis, the determined hydrogen content, Had, shall be corrected of the moisture-bound hydrogen by calculation to dry basis, Hd, as shown in Formula (1):HHMMdadadad=()8 937100100,(1)This hydrogen content, related to the combustible part o
41、f the solid biofuel, can be converted to any other basis using the formulae in Table 1.With the constant factor 8,937, the hydrogen concentration in the water that is present in the sample is calculated. The factor is obtained from the molar formula of water (H2O) and the atomic weight of hydrogen (
42、1,008) and oxygen (15,999 4).5.2.2 OxygenThe oxygen content related to the combustible part of the solid biofuel can be calculated by difference on the dry basis using Formula (2):OCHNSClAddddddd= 100 (2)If high precision is required, the values of Sdand Cldshould be corrected for eventual remaining
43、 contents of sulfur and chlorine in the ash (Ad).2 ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 16993:2016ISO 16993:2016(E)5.2.3 Net calorific valueThe net calorific value at constant pressure on a moist basis (qp,net,M) includes a correction for the heat of vaporization concerning the actual moisture cont
44、ent, M (M being e.g. Mador Mar). Before conversion to any other basis, using the formulae in Table 1, this correction corresponding to 24,43 J/g per weight percent moisture (24,43 M) shall be undone by adding 24,43 M to the value of the net calorific value. After multiplying this sum with the approp
45、riate formula from Table 1, the obtained value is to be corrected for the heat of vaporization concerning the new moisture content, M*, by subtracting the value 24,43 M*. These corrections are illustrated in Formula (3) concerning the conversion of the net calorific value for a moisture content M (q
46、p,net,Min J/g) to the net calorific value for a moisture content M* (qp,net,M*in J/g), both at constant pressure.qq MMMMp,net,M* p,net,M=+()()24 4310010024 43,*,* (3)For the conversion of, e.g. the net calorific value on dry basis (qp,net,din J/g) to the net calorific value on as received basis, (qp
47、,net,arin J/g) Formula (3) can be simplified into Formula (4):qqMMp,net,ar p,net,darar=10010024 43, (4)as in this case, M = 0 and M* = Mar.The net calorific value at a constant pressure for a dry sample (qp,net,d) is derived from the corresponding gross calorific value at a constant volume according
48、 to ISO 18125.5.3 General formulae for the conversion from one basis to another basisAfter applying eventual corrections according to 5.2, analytical values on a particular basis can be converted to any other basis by multiplying it by a factor calculated from the appropriate formula given in Table
49、1, after insertion of the requisite numerical values into the formula in question.Table 1 Formulae for calculating conversion factors to convert analytical results from one basis to anotherGivenWantedAs analysed (air-dried)As receivedaDry Dry, ash free(ad) (ar) (d) (daf )As analysed(air-dried, ad)100100MMarad100100 Mad100100 +()MAad adAs received(ar)100100MMadar100100 Mar100100 +()MAar arDry(d)100100 Mad100100 Mar100100 AdDry, ash free(daf )100100+()MAad ad100100+()MAar ar1
