1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58determination of gas emission concentrations for permanently-installed monitoring systemsICS 13.040
2、40Stationary source emissions Sampling for the automated BRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 10396:2007BS ISO 10396:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 50208 8Amendments issued since publicationAmd.
3、 No. Date Commentscontract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. National forewordThis British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of ISO 10396:2007.The UK participation in its prepa
4、ration was entrusted by Technical Committee EH/2, Air quality, to Subcommittee EH/2/1, Stationary source emission.A list of organizations represented on EH/2/1 can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a Reference numberI
5、SO 10396:2007(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO10396Second edition2007-02-01Stationary source emissions Sampling for the automated determination of gas emission concentrations for permanently-installed monitoring systems missions de sources fixes chantillonnage pour la dtermination automatise des concent
6、rations dmission de gaz pour des systmes fixes de surveillance BS ISO 10396:2007ii iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 1.1 General. 1 1.2 Limitations. 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 2 4 Principle. 2 4.1 General. 2 4.2 Extractive sampling 3 4.3 Non-extractiv
7、e sampling 3 5 Representative sampling Factors to be considered. 3 5.1 Nature of the source. 3 5.2 Location . 4 5.3 Other factors . 5 6 Apparatus and equipment . 5 6.1 Construction materials. 5 6.2 Components of extractive sampling equipment . 5 6.3 Components of non-extractive equipment. 8 7 System
8、 operation 10 7.1 Checking for leaks 10 7.2 Calibration, function and set-up 10 7.3 Maintenance of sampling systems . 11 8 Documentation 11 Annex A (informative) Recommended construction materials 19 Bibliography . 24 BS ISO 10396:2007iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardizati
9、on) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be re
10、presented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards
11、are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an Internati
12、onal Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 10396 was p
13、repared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1, Stationary source emissions. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 10396:1993), which has been technically revised. BS ISO 10396:2007vIntroduction This International Standard describes the use of met
14、hodologies for the sampling of stack gases for the determination of pollutants by automated measuring systems (AMS). The methodology applies to the sampling of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), or the sum
15、 of NO and NO2as nitrogen oxides. BS ISO 10396:2007blank1Stationary source emissions Sampling for the automated determination of gas emission concentrations for permanently-installed monitoring systems 1 Scope 1.1 General This International Standard specifies procedures and equipment that will permi
16、t, within certain limits, representative sampling for the automated determination of gas concentrations of effluent gas streams. The application is limited to the determination of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxi
17、de (NO2), or the sum of NO and NO2as nitrogen oxides. 1.2 Limitations It is recognized that there are some combustion processes and situations that may limit the applicability of this International Standard. Where such conditions exist, caution and competent technical judgment are required, especial
18、ly when dealing with any of the following: a) corrosive or highly reactive components such as ammonia, hydrogen chloride and sulfuric acid; b) high vacuum, high pressure or high temperature gas streams; c) wet flue gases; d) fluctuations in velocity, temperature or concentration due to uncontrollabl
19、e variation in the process; e) gas stratification due to the non-mixing of gas streams; f) measurements made using environmental control devices; g) relatively low levels of gas concentrations. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this do
20、cument. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 10780:1994, Stationary source emissions - Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts BS ISO 10396:20072
21、 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 condensate material that is condensed in the sample conditioning equipment 3.2 corrosiveness tendency of an enclosed gas stream to attack sampling equipment components or other exposed surfaces
22、 under sampling conditions 3.3 mass concentration mass of a particular gas per unit volume of dry gas in the enclosed gas stream, unless otherwise stated NOTE If expressed by volume concentration, these concentrations could be standardized by using a reference excess air level (for example, 3 % oxyg
23、en). 3.4 highly reactive component contaminant in the gas stream that could react to form other chemical components 3.5 wet flue gas gas stream that is at or below the saturation point and may contain droplets of water 3.6 sample integrity maintenance of the representativeness of the sample by the e
24、limination of leaks or physical and chemical reactions in the sample gas between the sample inlet and the measuring instrument 3.7 gas stratification gas stream that forms a laminar layer without turbulence or a condition where the concentration at any point differs from the average concentration ov
25、er the cross-section by more than 10 % 3.8 in situ sampling system non-extractive system that measures the gas concentration directly NOTE In situ systems measure either across the stack or duct or at a point within the duct or stack. 3.9 calibration gas mixture gas of known, reliable and stable com
26、position that may be used to check the response of the AMS and should be used for the calibration of the AMS 4 Principle 4.1 General This International Standard provides guidance for representative sampling of gases in a duct and includes both extractive and non-extractive methods. In extractive sam
27、pling, these gases are conditioned to remove aerosols, particulate matter and other interfering substances before being conveyed to the instruments. In non-extractive sampling, the measurements are made in situ; therefore, no sample conditioning other than filtering of filterable materials at the pr
28、obe tip is required. BS ISO 10396:200734.2 Extractive sampling Extractive sampling includes extraction of the sample, removal of interfering materials and maintenance of a representative gas concentration throughout the sampling system for subsequent analysis by appropriate instrumentation (see Figu
29、re 1). 4.3 Non-extractive sampling Non-extractive sampling does not involve removal of a sample, and sampling is confined to the gas stream in the duct (see Figures 2 to 4). 5 Representative sampling Factors to be considered 5.1 Nature of the source 5.1.1 Important factors To ensure the gaseous conc
30、entration in the sample gas stream is representative of that in the flue gas, several factors shall be considered: a) the heterogeneity of the process stream, such as variations in concentration, temperature, or velocity across the duct caused by moisture or gas stratification; b) gas leakage or air
31、 infiltration and continuous gas reactions; c) random errors due to the finite nature of the sample and the sampling procedure adopted to obtain a representative sample. 5.1.2 Problem areas in representative sampling Obtaining a representative sample may be difficult to achieve for the following rea
32、sons: a) the operation of the source is not stable; b) the concentration level of the gas to be determined is either too low or too high; c) the size of the stack or duct is too large; d) the configuration of the duct network where samples are to be extracted is convoluted. Where there are difficult
33、ies due to the nature of the source as noted in 5.1.1, the concentration profile shall be established for each operating condition in order to determine the best sampling location. Some sources may have more variability in process (i.e. cyclic variation) and, consequently, any time-dependent measure
34、ment may be less representative of the average concentration if a full cycle of variability is not sampled. 5.1.3 Source characteristics Before any measurements are carried out, it is necessary to become familiar with the pertinent operating characteristics of the process from which emissions are to
35、 be sampled and determined. These operating characteristics shall include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following: a) mode of process operation (cyclic, batch charging, or continuous); b) process feed rates and composition; c) fuel feed rates and composition; BS ISO 10396:20074 d) normal
36、operating gas temperatures and pressures; e) operating and removal efficiency of the pollution control equipment; f) configuration of the ducts to be sampled that might lead to gas stratification or flow disturbances; g) volumetric gas flow rates; h) expected gas composition and likely interfering s
37、ubstances. CAUTION Exercise caution if the duct to be sampled is under pressure or vacuum, or at a high temperature. 5.2 Location 5.2.1 Inspection parameters An inspection of the physical characteristics of the test site shall be carried out in order to evaluate factors such as: a) safety of the per
38、sonnel; b) location of the flow disturbances; c) accessibility of the sampling port; d) available space for the sampling equipment, analyser and possible sampling platform requirements; e) availability of suitable electrical power, compressed air, water, steam, etc.; f) sampling port locations. SAFE
39、TY PRECAUTIONS The electrical equipment used shall be in accordance with the local safety requirements. Where a potentially explosive or hazardous atmosphere is suspected, particular attention is required and precautions shall be taken to ensure the safety of the operations. 5.2.2 Sampling site loca
40、tion Before any sampling is undertaken, it is necessary to determine any spatial or temporal fluctuations in the gas concentrations, and to carry out a preliminary survey of the gas concentration, temperature and velocity. When the mass flow rates of gases have to be determined, detailed velocity me
41、asurements (ISO 10780) are required. Measure the concentration, temperature and velocity at the sampling points several times to obtain their spatial and temporal profiles. Conduct this survey when the plant is operating under conditions that will be adhered to during the test, in order to determine
42、 whether the selected sampling position is suitable and whether the conditions in the duct are satisfactory (see 5.1.2). This survey may not be needed if the spatial or temporal fluctuations in the duct can be determined from the owners investigation, a previous investigation or the process characte
43、ristics in advance of the survey. In this case, the information relating to previous procedures for the determination of the sampling point and the adoption of one point sampling shall be described in the report. It is necessary to ensure that the gas concentrations measured are representative of th
44、e average conditions inside the duct or stack. The requirements for the extractive sampling of gas may not be as stringent as those for particulate material. It is important that the sampling point is not located near any obstructions that could seriously disturb the gas flow in the duct or stack. T
45、he pollutant may have cross-sectional variation. The concentration at various points of the cross-section shall first be checked in order to examine the presence of gas stratification or air infiltration indicating that the gas to be measured is stratified, and if an alternative acceptable location
46、is not available, multipoint sampling is then required. BS ISO 10396:20075Conduct a stratification test in the following manner. With the unit(s) operating under steady-state conditions at normal load, use a traversing gas sampling probe to measure the pollutant and diluent (CO2or O2) concentrations
47、 at a minimum of twelve (12) points located at sampling locations as specified in ISO 9096. Use automated analytical methods for the measurement of the gas concentrations. Measure for a minimum of 2 min at each traverse point. While traversing, measure the pollutant and diluent gas concentrations fr
48、om the centre of the stack to determine if temporal, rather than spatial, variations in the flue gas concentrations are occurring. Calculate the average pollutant and diluent concentration at each of the individual traverse points. Then calculate the arithmetic average concentrations for the gas fro
49、m all of the traverse points. The pollutant or diluent gas is said to be “nonstratified” if the concentration at each individual traverse point differs by no more than 10 % from the arithmetic average concentration for all of the traverse points. Usually, the cross-sectional concentration of gaseous pollutants is uniform, because of the diffusion and turbulent mixing. In this case, it is only necessary to sample at one point within the stack or duct to determine the average concentration. A gas sample should be extracted n
