1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 11042-1:1996 Gas turbines Exhaustgas emission Part 1: Measurement and evaluation ICS 13.040.40; 27.040BSISO11042-1:1996 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Engineering SectorBoard, was published underthe authority of the Standards Board and c
2、omesintoeffect on 15 April 1997 BSI 03-2000 ISBN 0 580 27215 X National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO11042-1:1996 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee MCE/16, Gas turbines, which has the r
3、esponsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.
4、 A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standard
5、s Correspondence Index”, or using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard doe
6、s not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi andii, theISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 33 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments inco
7、rporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBSISO11042-1:1996 BSI 03-2000 i Contents Page National foreword Inside front cover Foreword iv Text of ISO 11042-1 1ii blankBSISO11042-1:1996 ii BSI 03-2000 Co
8、ntents Page Foreword iv 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Definitions 1 4 Symbols 2 5 Conditions 4 5.1 Gas turbine and fuel 4 5.2 Measured values 4 5.3 Standard conditions 4 6 Measurements 4 6.1 Determination of constituents in exhaust gas 4 6.2 Guideline for the arrangement of the measurement sy
9、stem 5 6.3 Performing the test, test report, evaluation 6 7 Instrumentation 6 7.1 Types of measuring device 6 7.2 Specification for NO xanalysers 6 7.3 Specification for CO and CO 2analysers 8 7.4 Specification for sulfur oxides analysers 9 7.5 Specification for unburned and partially burned hydroca
10、rbons analysers 11 7.6 Specification for ammonia analysers 12 7.7 Specification for oxygen analysers 14 7.8 Specification for smoke analysers 15 7.9 Specification for solid particle analysers 16 8 Quality of measurement 23 8.1 Preamble 23 8.2 Methods for calibration 23 9 Conversion of data 23 9.1 Ge
11、neral 23 9.2 Conversion between wet and dry exhaust gas 24 9.3 Conversion to the particular exhaust gas oxygen level 24 9.4 Conversion to the constituent mass flow related to the dry exhaust gas volume flow at normal conditions and to a specific oxygen content 24 9.5 Conversion to power output relat
12、ed values 24 9.6 Conversion to consumed fuel energy related values 24 Annex A (informative) Typical example of test results and their evaluation 25 Annex B (informative) Information regarding the major constituents of the exhaust gas 29 Annex C (informative) Physical properties of gaseous constituen
13、ts 30 Annex D (informative) Bibliography 33 Figure 1 Measurement system design for gaseous constituents 7 Figure 2 Flow diagram of a converter system for NO x /NH 3measurements 13 Figure 3 Typical functional diagram of the O 2analyser 14 Figure 4 Sample train for measurement of solid particle concen
14、tration by weight 17 Figure 5 Sample train for measurement of solid particle concentration by weight 18BSISO11042-1:1996 BSI 03-2000 iii Page Figure 6 Examples of solid particle sampling probes 20 Figure 7 Sampling efficiency according to Belyaev and Levins equation 21 Figure 8 Example of probe, ben
15、d, tube and separator assembly 22 Table 1 General symbols 3 Table 2 Chemical symbols and abbreviations 4 Table 3 Analyser types for measurement of constituents 6 Table 4 Principal performance specifications for NO xanalysers 8 Table 5 Principal performance specifications for CO analysers 9 Table 6 P
16、rincipal performance specifications for CO 2analysers 10 Table 7 Principal performance specifications for SO 2analysers 10 Table 8 Principal performance specifications for UHC analysers 11 Table 9 Principal performance specifications for oxygen analysers 15 Table 10 Concentration accuracies for cali
17、bration gases 23 Table A.1 Record of emission test 25 Table A.2 Evaluation 27 Table C.1 Physical properties 30 Descriptors: Turbines, gas turbine engines, exhaust emissions, tests, measurement, exhaust gases, determination of content, test report sheets, test equipment, gas analysers.BSISO11042-1:19
18、96 iv BSI 03-2000 Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a sub
19、ject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (I
20、EC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least75% of the member bodies casting a vote. International Stand
21、ard ISO11042-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC192, Gas turbines. ISO 11042 consists of the following parts, under the general title Gas turbines Exhaust gas emission: Part 1: Measurement and evaluation; Part 2: Automated emission monitoring. Annex A toAnnex D are for information only.BSIS
22、O11042-1:1996 BSI 03-2000 1 1 Scope This part of ISO11042 establishes the methods used for the measurement and evaluation of the emission of the exhaust gases from gas turbines and defines appropriate emission terms. It presents requirements for the test environment and instrumentation as well as th
23、e quality of measurement and correction of data. This allows uniform judgement of the exhaust emissions. The relationship between the various forms of expressing the exhaust emissions is also given. The constituents to be measured in accordance with this part of ISO11042 standard should be determine
24、d by mutual agreement between the parties involved. This part of ISO11042 is applicable for all gas turbines producing mechanical shaft power and/or which are used as drivers for electrical generation excluding application in aircraft. For installations which include an exhaust gas heat recuperation
25、 system, the definitions of this part of ISO11042 can be used as a basis. This part of ISO11042 is applicable for gas turbines which utilize the open cycle process. It is also applicable as a basis for gas turbines which utilize the semi-closed cycle and gas turbines equipped with free piston compre
26、ssors or with special heat sources. This part of ISO11042 can be used as an acceptance test for gas turbine exhaust gas emissions. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of ISO11042. At the time of p
27、ublication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of ISO11042 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain register
28、s of currently valid International Standards. ISO 2314:1989, Gas turbines Acceptance tests. ISO 2533:1975, Standard atmosphere. ISO 5063:1978, Atomizing oil burners of the monobloc type Testing. ISO 6141:1984, Gas analysis Calibration gas mixtures Certificate of mixture preparation. 3 Definitions Fo
29、r the purposes of this part of ISO11042, the following definitions apply. 3.1 emissions constituents which enter the environment with the exhaust gas in this part of ISO11042, emissions comprise the following 3.2 accuracy the closeness with which a measurement approaches the true value established i
30、ndependently 3.3 calibration gas high-accuracy reference gas mixture to be used for setting, adjustment and periodic checks of instruments 3.4 concentration volume fraction iof the component of interest in the gas mixture, expressed as volume percentage(%(V/V) or as parts per million (ppm) nitrogen
31、oxides NO x ; sum of NO and NO 2 , expressed as NO 2 nitrogen dioxide NO 2 carbon monoxide CO carbon dioxide CO 2 sulfur oxides SO x ; sum of SO 2and SO 3 , expressed as SO 2 unburned or partially burned hydrocarbon products UHCs; sum of all individual products, expressed as CH 4 volatile organic co
32、mpounds VOCs; UHCs excluding CH 4and C 2 H 6but expressed as CH 4 ammonia NH 3 smoke as measured by the Bacharach method according to ISO5063 solid particles all solid particles produced by the combustion processBSISO11042-1:1996 2 BSI 03-2000 3.5 interference instrument response due to the presence
33、 of a gas or vapour other than the gas or vapour that is to be measured 3.6 linearity ability of an instrument to respond proportionally to an input signal 3.7 noise random variation in instrument output not associated with those characteristics of the sample to which the instrument is responding; d
34、istinguishable from its drift characteristics 3.8 parts per million (ppm) volumetric concentration of the component i in10 6volume parts of gas mixture 3.9 parts per million carbon (ppmC 1 ) the mole fraction of hydrocarbon multiplied by10 6measured on a “CH 4 ” equivalence basis 1 ppm of methane is
35、 indicated as1ppmC 1 1) 3.10 repeatability the closeness with which a measurement upon a given invariant sample can be produced on a short-term basis with no adjustment of the instruments 3.11 resolution smallest detectable change in a measurement 3.12 response change in instrument output signal tha
36、t occurs with change in sample concentration; output signal corresponding to a given sample concentration 3.13 stability/calibration drift time-related deviations of the output signal of the instrument measuring a calibration gas for a given set point 3.14 relative hydrocarbon response the different
37、 response of the test equipment to the sample hydrocarbon concentrations expressed as equivalent ppmC 1 , dependent on the class or admixture of classes of hydrocarbon components 3.15 zero air mixture of oxygen and nitrogen having the same proportion of oxygen as atmospheric air, free from other com
38、ponents 3.16 zero drift time-related deviation of instrument output from zero set point when it is operating on a gas free of the component to be measured 3.17 zero gas gas to be used in establishing the zero, or no-response, adjustment of an instrument 4 Symbols SeeTable 1 andTable 2. 1) To convert
39、 ppm concentration of any hydrocarbon to an equivalent ppmC 1value, multiply ppm concentration by the number of carbon atoms per molecule of the gas; e.g.1ppm propane translates as3ppmC 1hydrocarbon;1ppm hexane as6ppmC 1hydrocarbon.BSISO11042-1:1996 BSI 03-2000 3 Table 1 General symbols Symbol Term
40、Unit e n Net specific energy, lower calorific value kJ/kg E Exhaust gas emission value EM i Exhaust gas emission value as constituent concentration of component i at0 C and101,3kPa mg/m 3 EM i,15,dry Same as EM i , related to an oxygen volumetric concentration of15% in dry exhaust gas mg/m 3 EM i,f
41、Same as EM i , related to consumed fuel energy g/GJ EM i,P Same as EM i , related to power supplied g/kWh EP Exhaust gas emission value for solid particles mg/m 3 ES Exhaust gas emission value for smoke EV Exhaust gas emission value as a volumetric concentration cm 3 /m 3 EV i Exhaust gas emission v
42、alue as a volumetric concentration of component i cm 3 /m 3 EV i,15,dry Same as EV i , related to an oxygen volume content of15% in dry exhaust gas cm 3 /m 3 m Mass kg M Molar mass kg/kmol M tot Total molar mass kg/kmol n Quantity of component kmol n i Quantity of component i kmol n tot Total quanti
43、ty of components kmol P Shaft power output of gas turbine kW q m Mass flow kg/s q V Volume flow m 3 /s V i Volume of component i m 3 V mn Molar specific volume m 3 /kmol V n, dry Volume of dry exhaust gas at normal conditions a m 3 V n,15,dry Volume of dry exhaust gas at normal conditions related to
44、 an oxygen content of15% m 3 V n,wet Volume of wet exhaust gas at normal conditions a m 3 V tot Total volume of components i m 3 x i Partial quantity, equal to n i /n tot 1 z Limiting number 1 Z Real gas factor (compressibility) 1 Density kg/m 3 pa Density of particle material kg/m 3 Volumetric conc
45、entration as percentage of CO 2in dry exhaust gas % Volumetric concentration as percentage of CO 2in dry exhaust gas with stoichiometric combustion of the fuel used % Volumetric concentration as percentage of water vapour in exhaust gas % i,dry Volumetric concentration in dry exhaust gas cm 3 /m 3 i
46、,wet Volumetric concentration in wet exhaust gas, equal to V i /V tot cm 3 /m 3 Volumetric concentration as percentage of O 2in dry exhaust gas % NOTE 1To identify a particular station along the gas path the subscript g is used, e.g.g7. Subscript7 identifies the turbine outlet (seeISO2314). NOTE 2In
47、 this part of ISO11042, 15%O 2is used as a typical value; alternative oxygen contents may be used by agreement. NOTE 3The reference temperature of0 C is chosen because of available chemical data and evaluation methods. a Normal pressure: p n =101,3kPa Normal temperature: t n =0 C CO 2 ,dry CO 2 ,sto
48、ich,dry H 2 O O 2 ,dryBSISO11042-1:1996 4 BSI 03-2000 Table 2 Chemical symbols and abbreviations 5 Conditions 5.1 Gas turbine and fuel In connection with gas turbine emissions, the following shall be indicated for the respective measurement conditions: manufacturer of the gas turbine; type of gas tu
49、rbine; power output and exhaust gas mass flow and/or fuel flow at the conditions at which the emission measurements are taken; ambient conditions, i.e.pressure, temperature and humidity of the surrounding air; fuel details; equipment in operation which affects the emissions and which is part of the complete system, e.g.catalytic converters, water or steam injection, evaporative coolers, condensors, etc. Relevant details of all flow rates shall be noted. NOTE 1The defi
