1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 13271:2012Stationary source emissions Determination of PM10/PM2,5 mass concentration influe gas Measurement athigher concentrations by use ofvirtual impactorsBS ISO 13271:
2、2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 13271:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/2/1, Stationary source emission.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its
3、 secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 67995 7ICS 13.040.40Compliance with a British Standard can
4、not confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 13271:2012 ISO 2012Stationary source emissions Determination of PM10/PM2,5mass c
5、oncentration in flue gas Measurement at higher concentrations by use of virtual impactorsmissions de sources fixes Dtermination de la concentration en masse de PM10/PM2,5dans les effluents gazeux Mesurage des hautes concentrations laide des impacteurs virtuelsINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO13271First edit
6、ion2012-06-15Reference numberISO 13271:2012(E)BS ISO 13271:2012ISO 13271:2012(E)ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or me
7、chanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.or
8、gPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 13271:2012ISO 13271:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope 12 Normative references . 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 44.1 Symbols . 44.2 Abbreviated terms . 55 Principle . 65.1 General . 65.2
9、 Theory of virtual impactor . 66 Specification of the two-stage virtual impactor 86.1 General . 86.2 Separation curves . 86.3 Verification of the separation curves . 96.4 Operating conditions 97 Sampling train 127.1 Measuring setup 127.2 Equipment and working materials 138 Preparation, measurement p
10、rocedure and post-treatment .158.1 General .158.2 Pre-treatment 158.3 Measurement procedure .168.4 Weighing procedure .178.5 Post-sampling treatment of weighed parts 189 Calculation of the results 1810 Performance characteristics 1910.1 Virtual impactor load 1910.2 Detection limit 1910.3 Measurement
11、 uncertainty .1910.4 Particle losses 1911 Test report .20Annex A (informative) Physical property estimation for the calculation of sample volume flow rate 21Annex B (informative) Errors by deviations from isokinetic sampling 25Annex C (informative) Example of a two-stage virtual impactor .27Annex D
12、(informative) Influence of variations in the flue gas temperature and flue gas composition on the Reynolds number .31Annex E (informative) Entry nozzle 34Annex F (informative) Equipment list 35Annex G (normative) Determination of a representative sampling point 37Annex H (informative) Generation of
13、standard aerosol for virtual impactor calibration .39Bibliography .40BS ISO 13271:2012ISO 13271:2012(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normall
14、y carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the
15、work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare Inte
16、rnational Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of th
17、e elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 13271 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1, Stationary source emissions.iv ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO
18、 13271:2012ISO 13271:2012(E)IntroductionIn order to quantify the amount of PM10and PM2,5particles in stationary source emissions or to identify the contribution sources of PM10and PM2,5in ambient air, it is necessary to measure fine particulate matter in the flue gas of industrial sources.This Inter
19、national Standard describes a measurement method for determination of mass concentrations of PM10and PM2,5emissions, which realizes the same separation curves as those specified in ISO 77081for PM10and PM2,5in ambient air. The method is based on the principle of gas stream separation using two-stage
20、 virtual impactors. This is applicable to higher dust concentrations than the concentrations used for cascade impactors with impaction plates.The measurement method allows the simultaneous determination of concentrations of PM10and PM2,5emissions. The method is designed for in-stack measurements at
21、stationary emission sources with possible reactive gases and/or high water vapour.The contribution of stationary source emissions to PM10and PM2,5concentrations in ambient air is classified as primary and secondary. Those emissions that exist as particulate matter within the stack gas and that are e
22、mitted directly to air can be considered “primary”. Secondary particulate consists of those emissions that form in ambient air due to atmospheric chemical reactions. The measurement technique in this International Standard does not measure the contribution of stack emissions to the formation of seco
23、ndary particulate matter in ambient air. ISO 2012 All rights reserved vBS ISO 13271:2012BS ISO 13271:2012Stationary source emissions Determination of PM10/PM2,5mass concentration in flue gas Measurement at higher concentrations by use of virtual impactors1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies
24、a standard reference method for the determination of PM10and PM2,5mass concentrations at stationary emission sources by use of two-stage virtual impactors. The measurement method is especially suitable for in-stack measurements of particle mass concentrations in flue gas. The method can also be used
25、 for flue gas which contains highly reactive compounds (e.g. sulfur, chlorine, nitric acid) at high temperature or in the presence of high humidity.The International Standard is applicable to higher dust concentrations. Coarse particles are separated into the nozzles with negligible rebound and entr
26、ainment phenomena of collected coarse particulates. For the same reason, the artefacts due to high concentrations in gases or emissions are quite limited.This International Standard is not applicable to the determination of the total mass concentration of dust.2 Normative referencesThe following ref
27、erenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 12141, Stationary source emissions Determination of mass concen
28、tration of particulate matter (dust) at low concentrations Manual gravimetric method3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1aerodynamic diameterdiameter of a sphere of density 1 g/cm3with the same terminal velocity due to gravitational f
29、orce in calm air as the particle under prevailing conditions of temperature, pressure, and relative humidityNOTE Adapted from ISO 7708:1995,12.2.3.2backup filterplane filter used for collection of the PM2,5particle fractionISO 23210:2009,73.2.33.3collection filterplane filter used for coarse particl
30、e collection3.4Cunningham factorcorrection factor taking into account the change in the interaction between particles and the gas phaseISO 23210:2009,73.1.7NOTE See A.2.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13271:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 13271:2012ISO 13271:2012(E)3.5cut-off diameteraerodyn
31、amic diameter where the separation efficiency of the impactor stage is 50 %ISO 23210:2009,73.1.2NOTE Particle separation with real impactors is not ideal and exhibits separation curves similar to the example shown in Figure 1.KeyA separation efficiency 1 idealdaeaerodynamic diameter 2 realFigure 1 n
32、ull Separation efficiency A of an impactor as a function of aerodynamic diameter dae(adapted from ISO 23210:2009,7Figure 2)3.6filter holdersubstrate holder designed to hold a filter and for which only the filter deposit is analysed (weighed)ISO 15767:2009,42.43.7measurement planesampling planeplane
33、normal to the centreline of the duct at the sampling positionISO 23210:2009,73.3.33.8measurement sectionregion of the waste gas duct which includes the measurement plane(s) and the inlet and outlet sectionsISO 23210:2009,73.3.22 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 13271:2012ISO 13271:2012(E)3.9measur
34、ement sitesampling siteplace on the flue gas duct in the area of the measurement plane(s) consisting of structures and technical equipmentNOTE The measurement site consists, for example, of working platforms, measurement ports and energy supply.ISO 23210:2009,73.3.13.10PM2,5particles which pass thro
35、ugh size-selective nozzles with 50 % efficiency cut-off at 2,5 m aerodynamic diameterNOTE PM2,5corresponds to the “high risk respirable convention” as defined in ISO 7708:1995,17.1.ISO 23210:2009,73.1.43.11PM10particles which pass through size-selective nozzles with 50 % efficiency cut-off at 10 m a
36、erodynamic diameterNOTE PM10corresponds to the “thoracic convention” as defined in ISO 7708:1995,1Clause 6.ISO 23210:2009,73.1.33.12Reynolds numberReRe =vlwhere is the mass density;v is the gas velocity in the particle acceleration nozzle;l is the length; is the dynamic viscosity.NOTE 1 Adapted from
37、 ISO 80000-11:2008,811- 4.1.NOTE 2 “Dimensionless” parameter (parameter of dimension 1) describing flow conditions.3.13Stokess numberStStdCvD=0,Pae2m90where ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 13271:2012ISO 13271:2012(E)0,Pis the particle density (1 g/cm3);daeis the aerodynamic diameter (m);Cmis th
38、e Cunningham factor;v is the gas velocity in the particle acceleration nozzle (m/s); is the dynamic viscosity of the gas (Pa s);D0is the particle acceleration nozzle diameter (m).NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 23210:2009,7B.2.NOTE 2 An instrument-specific “dimensionless” parameter (parameter of dimension 1
39、) describing a measure of the inertial movement of a particle in gas stream near an obstacle.3.14particle acceleration nozzleacceleration nozzle used for accelerating particle-laden gas before separation takes place in the particle collection nozzle3.15particle collection nozzlecollection nozzle use
40、d for coarse-particle separation4 Symbols and abbreviated terms4.1 SymbolsA separation efficiencyCmCunningham factorD0particle acceleration nozzle diameterD1particle collection nozzle diameterdaeaerodynamic diameterdentryinternal diameter of the entry nozzled50cut-off diameteri series element number
41、, i = 1,2,3, m, or a subscript to identify the particle fraction (i = 2,5 m, 10 m)j series element number, j = 1,2,3, nl0impactor nozzle lengthmBFparticle mass on the backup filtermCF2particle mass on the collection filter of the second separation stageN number of impactor nozzlesn number of measure
42、ment pairspambambient pressure at the measurement sitepnstandard pressure4 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 13271:2012ISO 13271:2012(E)pstdifference between the static pressure in the measurement cross-section and the atmospheric pressure at the measurement siteqVvolume flow rate at operating cond
43、itionsqVnvolume flow rate under standard conditions and for dry gasqV0volume flow rates per nozzle at operating conditions for total flowqV1volume flow rates per nozzle at operating conditions for minor flowqV2volume flow rates per nozzle at operating conditions for major flowRe Reynolds numberSt50S
44、tokess number in relation to the cut-off diameter d50s distance between the end of the particle acceleration nozzle and the top of the particle collection nozzleT gas temperatureTnstandard temperatureu(g) standard uncertainty of paired measurementsv gas velocity at particle acceleration nozzlevfgflu
45、e gas velocityVnsample volume under standard conditions and for dry gasn,HO,v2mass concentration of water vapour under standard conditions and with dry gasg(PM2,5) concentration of PM2,5g(PM10) concentration of PM10g1,iith concentration value of the first measuring systemg2,iith concentration value
46、of the second measuring system dynamic viscosity of the gasn,HO,v2density of water vapour under standard conditions0,Pparticle density (1 g/cm3) minor flow ratio at impactor stage4.2 Abbreviated termsBF backup filterCF1 collection filter of the first separation stageCF2 collection filter of the seco
47、nd separation stage ISO 2012 All rights reserved 5BS ISO 13271:2012ISO 13271:2012(E)5 Principle5.1 GeneralIn particle measurements, the following three relevant physical characteristics can be distinguished: mass concentration (e.g. total dust, PM10, PM2,5) and distribution of mass fractions; partic
48、le number concentration and particle size distribution by number; morphology of particles (e.g. shape, colour, optical properties).The PM10and PM2,5mass concentrations are determined by size-selective separation of gas-borne particles by use of the different inertia of particles.This International S
49、tandard specifies a measurement method for the determination of PM10and PM2,5for higher mass concentrations using two-stage virtual impactors based on the principle of gas stream separation without impaction plates, and with negligible rebound and entrainment phenomena of collected coarse particulates.5.2 Theory of virtual impactorSize separation by a virtual impactor stage is based on the inertia of accelerated and decelerated particles in a gas flow. The
