1、Welding Guidelines for the Chemical, Oil, and Gas IndustriesAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 582 THIRD EDITION, MAY 2016Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.
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6、 are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equip
7、ment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.Classified a
8、reas may vary depending on the location, conditions, equipment, and substances involved in any given situation. Users of this Recommended Practice should consult with the appropriate authorities having jurisdiction.Users of this Recommended Practice should not rely exclusively on the information con
9、tained in this document. Sound business, scientific, engineering, and safety judgment should be used in employing the information contained herein.Where applicable, authorities having jurisdiction should be consulted.Work sites and equipment operations may differ. Users are solely responsible for as
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14、ed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the specification.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order
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18、ards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi
19、.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 General Welding Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Welding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.1 Acceptable Welding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.2 Limitations of Fusion Welding Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.3 Single-sided Welded Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.4 Combining Welding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.5 Mechanized and Automated Welding Processes
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Welding Consumables (Filler Metal and Flux) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.2 Dissimilar Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.3 Low-alloy Steel We
26、lding (P-No. 3 to P-No. 5 and P-No. 15E). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.4 Stainless Steel Welding (P-No. 6, P-No. 7, and P-No. 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.5 Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steel
27、Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.6 SAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.7 Electroslag Welding (for C
28、orrosion Resistant Weld Overlay). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.8 Consumable Storage and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.9 Alloy Consumable Controls . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Shielding and Purging Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Preheating and Interpass Temperatu
30、re. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Post-weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1210 Cleaning and Surface Preparation .
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611 Special Procedure Qualification Requirements/Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611.2 Tube-to-tubesheet Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1711.3 Additional P
33、rocedure Qualification Requirements for Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels. . . . 1712 Other Items. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912.1 Backing Materials . . . . . . . . .
34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912.2 Peening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
35、12.3 Weld Overlay and Clad Restoration (Back Cladding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912.4 Temporary Attachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012
36、.5 Stud Welding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012.6 Hardness TestingWeld Procedure Qualification and Production Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012.7 Single-
37、pass Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012.8 Additional Production Requirements for Welding Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . 20Annex A (informative) Welding Consuma
38、bles for Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Annex B (normative) Weld Overlay and Clad Restoration (Back Cladding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27vContentsPageTables1 Diffusible Hydrogen Limits for FCAW Consumables . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Application of Nickel-base Electrodes in Sulfidation and Non-sulfidation Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Additional Chemical Requirements for Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steel Consumables and As-welded Deposits 104 Recom
40、mended Maximum Interpass Temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Maximum Recommended Interpass Temperatures for Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels. . . . 136 PWHT Temperatures and Holding Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14A.1 Carbon and Low-alloy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23A.2 Stainless Steel Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24A.3 Duplex Stainless Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25A.4 Copper-nickel and Nickel-base Alloys . .
43、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26B.1 Filler Material Selection for Overlay of Carbon and Low-alloy Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28B.2 Chemical Composition Requirements for Austenitic Stainles
44、s Steel Overlays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291Welding Guidelines for the Chemical, Oil, and Gas Industries1 Scope1.1 This recommended practice (RP) provides supplementary guidelines and practices for welding and welding related topics for shop and field fabrication, repair and modifica
45、tion of the following:a) pressure-containing equipment such as pressure vessels, heat exchangers, piping, heater tubes, and pressure boundaries of rotating equipment and attachments welded thereto;b) tanks and attachments welded thereto;c) non-removable internals for process equipment;d) structural
46、items attached and related to process equipment;e) other equipment or component items when referenced by an applicable purchase document.1.2 This document is general in nature and augments the welding requirements of ASME BPVC Section IX and similar codes, standards, specifications, and practices su
47、ch as those listed in Section 2. The intent of this document is to be inclusive of chemical, oil and gas industry standards, although there are many areas not covered herein, e.g. pipeline welding and offshore structural welding are intentionally not covered.1.3 This document is based on industry ex
48、perience and any restrictions or limitations may be waived or augmented by the purchaser.2 Normative ReferencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition o
49、f the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Other codes and standards are specified by the purchaser.API 510, Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: Maintenance, Inspection, Rating, Repair, and AlterationAPI Recommended Practice 934-A, Materials and Fabrication of 2 1/4Cr-1Mo, 2 1/4Cr-1Mo-1/4V, 3Cr-1Mo, and 3Cr-1Mo-1/4V Steel Heavy Wall Pressure Vessels for High-temperature, High-pressure Hydrogen ServiceAPI Recommended Practice 934-C, Materials and Fabrication of 1 1/4Cr-1/2Mo Steel Heavy Wall Pressure Vessels for High-pressure Hydrogen Service Operating at or Below 825 F (
