1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16249:2013Springs SymbolsBS ISO 16249:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16249:2013.The UK participation in its pr
2、eparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee FME/9, Fasteners.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. Th
3、e British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 74792 2ICS 01.100.20; 21.160Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee
4、 on 30 April 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 16249:2013 ISO 2013Springs SymbolsRessorts SymbolesINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16249First edition2013-04-01Reference numberISO 16249:2013(E)BS ISO 16249:2013ISO 16249:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED
5、DOCUMENT ISO 2013All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission
6、 can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 16249:2013ISO 16249:2013(E)
7、ISO 2013 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Composition of spring symbols . 14.1 General . 14.2 Basic characters . 24.3 Subscripts 25 Creation of new spring symbols . 35.1 General . 35.2 Latin letters and Greek
8、 letters for basic characters 35.3 Upper case letters and lower case letters for basic characters . 35.4 Latin letters and Greek letters for subscripts . 35.5 Upper case letters and lower case letters for subscripts 36 Basic character and subscript components of spring symbols 36.1 Basic character c
9、omponents . 36.2 Subscript components 47 Application symbols for helical compression springs 58 Application symbols for helical extension springs . 99 Application symbols for helical torsion springs .1010 Application symbols for flat springs .1411 Application symbols for leaf springs 15Annex A (norm
10、ative) List of interim symbols 17Annex B (informative) Index of application symbols .18Bibliography .21BS ISO 16249:2013ISO 16249:2013(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing
11、International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaiso
12、n with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Direct
13、ives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directivesAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of th
14、e elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations r
15、eceived. www.iso.org/patentsAny trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 227, Springs.iv ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 16249:2013ISO 16249:2013(E)IntroductionSe
16、veral spring symbols related to cylindrical helical compression springs specified in ISO 2162-2 have been quoted according to this International Standard.In this International Standard, existing spring symbols that have been used globally and customarily among several nations or regions are adopted
17、without major alteration.Existing spring symbols that have been used locally or in a limited nation/region have been redesigned in a logical way according to a particular rule for creating new spring symbols. ISO 2013 All rights reserved vBS ISO 16249:2013BS ISO 16249:2013Springs Symbols1 ScopeThis
18、International Standard specifies general principles for the creation of symbols of physical quantities, coefficients, and parameters for metal springs. It specifies the presentation of basic characters, subscripts, and application symbols for use in the field of helical compression springs, helical
19、extension springs, helical torsion springs, flat springs, and leaf springs with attention to technical product documentation, especially for describing and ordering.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable f
20、or its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 26909, Springs VocabularyISO 80000-1, Quantities and units Part 1: GeneralISO 80000-4, Quantities and units Part 4: M
21、echanics3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 26909 and the following apply.3.1basic charactermain part of spring symbols representing physical quantities, coefficients, and parameters of springs3.2subscriptsecond part of spring symbols that
22、 follows basic characters in order to modify the physical quantities, coefficients, and parameters with respect to properties, feature, numbering, etc.3.3application symbolcombination of basic character and subscriptEXAMPLE Application symbol4 Composition of spring symbols4.1 GeneralSimple spring sy
23、mbols consist of basic characters alone. Subscripts may be added to these basic characters to create more complex symbols.Quantities and units used are specified in accordance with ISO 80000-1 and ISO 80000-4.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16249:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16249:2013ISO
24、 16249:2013(E)For the purpose of international applicability, all basic characters and subscripts should be derived from English words, and designations used in technical literature up to the time of publication of this International Standard are adopted as far as possible. Wide conformity of the sy
25、mbols for springs has been attempted.The characters that are permitted to be used for spring symbols are Latin letters (upper case or lower case), Greek letters (upper case or lower case), and Arabic numbers.NOTE 1 As there is a risk of confusion with the Arabic number 0, the following Latin letters
26、 have not been specified: O (upper case letter), o (lower case letter).NOTE 2 As there is a risk of confusion with Latin letters, the following Greek letters have not been specified: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .4.2 Basic charactersBasic characters consist of one upper case letter or lower case
27、letter written in Latin or Greek alphabet.The letter should be derived from the corresponding spring term or designation in English.Variables shall be in italic typeface.EXAMPLES D for coil diameter, for torsional stress4.3 SubscriptsSubscripts consist of one, two or three letters, digits, or letter
28、/digit combinations of Latin letters, Greek letters or Arabic numbers.EXAMPLE 1 De(e: one letter)EXAMPLE 2 AL0(L0: two letters)EXAMPLE 3 dmax(max: three letters)Subscripts should be as short as possible. A single letter/digit is preferable; however, when the symbol of a single letter/digit overlaps
29、with an existing symbol or if it is difficult to describe the meaning with a single letter/digit, two or three letters/digits are acceptable.EXAMPLE 4 AM(M: one letter taken from “moment”)EXAMPLE 5 dmax(max: three letters taken from “maximum”)The letters should be derived from the corresponding spri
30、ng terms or designation in English.Subscripts that represent physical quantities shall be printed in italic typeface. Others shall be printed in roman typeface. Subscripts of Arabic numbers should be printed in roman typeface. However, running numbers are generally printed in italic typeface.EXAMPLE
31、 6 AL0(L0: free length: italic type)EXAMPLE 7 lA(A: length at leg A: roman type)EXAMPLE 8 L1(1: running number: italic type)Up to two sets of subscripts are permitted in one spring symbol. In this case, they shall be separated by means of a comma (,) but without a space between them.EXAMPLE 9 rw,A(w
32、,A: effective working radius of leg A)2 ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 16249:2013ISO 16249:2013(E)5 Creation of new spring symbols5.1 GeneralNew spring symbols created in the future should follow the rules described below. The composition of the symbols should conform to Clause 4.5.2 Latin lette
33、rs and Greek letters for basic charactersLatin letters for basic characters are used when describing coefficients or quantities measured by devices or instruments, e.g. length, diameter, and load (including mean value).Greek letters for basic characters are used when describing the quantities calcul
34、ated, e.g. stress, deflection, and amount of loss.5.3 Upper case letters and lower case letters for basic charactersUpper case letters for basic characters are used when describing quantities of the whole spring shape or function.EXAMPLES 1 L for spring length, D for diameter of coil, F for spring l
35、oadLower case letters for basic characters are used when describing quantities of spring materials or partial dimensions.EXAMPLES 2 d for diameter of wire, l for straight length at coil end5.4 Latin letters and Greek letters for subscriptsBasic Latin letters and Greek letters shall be used for subsc
36、ripts.When subscripts are abbreviated terms, they shall be in Latin typeface only.5.5 Upper case letters and lower case letters for subscriptsIn the case of subscripts consisting of a single character, upper case letters should be used basically.When a subscript consists of a single character and th
37、e upper case letter of this character is already used for an existing symbol, the lower case letter may be used.When an upper case letter is used as a basic character, the corresponding subscript should be the upper case letter.When a lower case letter is used as a basic character, the corresponding
38、 subscript should be the lower case letter.In the case of subscripts consisting of two or three characters, lower case letters should be used basically.6 Basic character and subscript components of spring symbols6.1 Basic character componentsBasic characters are shown in Table 1. ISO 2013 All rights
39、 reserved 3BS ISO 16249:2013ISO 16249:2013(E)Table 1 List of basic charactersNo. Symbol Parameter Compression Extension Torsion Flat Leaf1.1 A permissible variation X X X X X1.2 b width or breadth X X1.3 C camber X1.4 D spring diameter X X X 1.5 d wire diameter X X X 1.6 E modulus of elasticity X X
40、X1.7 eperpendicularity X parallelism X 1.8 F spring load or force X X X X X1.9 f frequency X X X X X1.10 G modulus of rigidity X X 1.11 H spring height X1.12 L spring length X X X 1.13 lleg length X beam length X span length X1.14 M moment or spring torque X X 1.15 m hook opening X 1.16 N number of
41、cycles X X X X X1.17 nnumber of coils X X X number of leaves X1.18 p pitch X 1.19RSee Annex Aspring rate X X X X X1.20 r radius X X X 1.21 s spring deflection X X X X1.22 T temperature X X X X X1.23 t thickness of beam or leaf X X1.24 position angle whenunloaded only X torsional angle or working ang
42、le X 1.25 amount of change X X X X X1.26 bending stress X X X1.27 torsional stress X X 6.2 Subscript componentsSubscripts are shown in Table 2.4 ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 16249:2013ISO 16249:2013(E)Table 2 List of subscriptsNo. Symbol Parameter Compression Extension Torsion Flat Leaf2.1 Aey
43、e A Xleg A X 2.2 Bcoiling body X X eye B Xleg B X 2.3 c solid X 2.4 Ddiameter of coil or diameter of springX X X 2.5 d mandrel or inner guide X X 2.6 E eye X2.7 eexternal or outside X X X natural X X X X X2.8 F spring load or force X X X X X2.9 H hook X 2.10 hdeflection between two posi-tionsX X X 2
44、.11 iinside or inner X X X initial X 2.12 L0 free length X X 2.13 M moment or spring torque X 2.14 max maximum X X X X X2.15 min minimum X X X X X2.16 n maximum test point X X X 2.17 R required X X X X X2.18 ST straight X2.19 t total X 2.20 w effective working X 2.21 0 free condition or unloaded X X
45、 X X X2.221measuring position of perpen-dicularityX 1running number (specified position)X X X X X2.232measuring position of parallel-ismX 2running number (specified position)X X X X X7 Application symbols for helical compression springsApplication symbols for helical compression springs are shown in
46、 Table 3, and some sample symbols are shown in Figures 1 and 2. ISO 2013 All rights reserved 5BS ISO 16249:2013ISO 16249:2013(E)Table 3 List of application symbols for helical compression springsNo. Symbol Unit Parameter3.1 ADmm permissible variation of mean coil diameter, D3.2 AFmm permissible vari
47、ation of spring load, F3.3 AL0mm permissible variation of spring free length, L03.4 D amm mean diameter of spring (see Figure 1)3.5 Ddmm mandrel diameter (inner guide)3.6 Deamm outside (external) diameter of spring (see Figure 1)3.7 Diamm inside diameter of spring (see Figure 1)3.8 d amm diameter of
48、 wire3.9 dmaxamm maximum diameter of wire3.10 e1mm perpendicularity (see Figure 2)3.11 e2mm parallelism (see Figure 2)3.12 F N spring load or force3.13 FcN spring load at solid length, Lc(see Figure 1)3.14 FnaN spring load for the minimum test length, Ln(see Figure 1)3.15 F1, F2, aNspecified spring loads for the specified spring lengths, L1,L2, (see Figure 1)3.16 f aHz, s1load cycle frequency3.17 feaHz, s1natural frequency3.18 G aN/mm2, MPa modulus of rigidity3.19 Lcamm solid length (see Figure 1)3.20 Lnamm minimum acceptabl
