1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58ICS 01.040.35; 35.240.80Health informatics Vocabulary for terminological systemsBRITISH STANDARDBS
2、ISO 17115:2007BS ISO 17115:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 53684 7Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsCompliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fro
3、m legal obligations.National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 17115:2007. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee IST/35, Health informatics. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secr
4、etary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Reference numberISO 17115:2007(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO17115First edition2007-07-01Health informatics Vocabulary for terminological systems Informatiqu
5、e de sant Vocabulaire pour les systmes terminologiques BS ISO 17115:2007ii iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 1.1 Main purposes. 1 1.2 Target groups 1 1.3 Topics not considered 1 2 Terms and definitions 1 2.1 Specialization 1 2.2 Formal representation of characteristics . 2 2.3
6、Sanctioned specialization 3 2.4 Formal concept representation . 4 2.5 Terminology and information models, concept systems . 5 2.6 Specified concepts . 5 2.7 Terminological systems . 6 Annex A (normative) Selected definitions from ISO 1087-1:2000 . 7 Bibliography . 11 Alphabetical index . 12 BS ISO 1
7、7115:2007iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject f
8、or which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on
9、 all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees a
10、re circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held
11、responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 17115 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 215, Health informatics. BS ISO 17115:2007vIntroduction Health terminology is complex and multifaceted, more so than most language domains. It has been estimated that between 500 000 and 4
12、5 million different concepts are needed to adequately describe concepts (e.g. conditions of patients and populations), actions in healthcare and related concepts (e.g. biomedical molecules, genes, organisms, technical methods and social concepts). It is obvious that to adequately represent and espec
13、ially to process this complexity, simple coding schemes are inadequate and formal multidimensional concept representation systems are required. Several such formal systems exist but systems and their underlying philosophy are described in different ways. The system itself can, for example, be called
14、 an ontology, medical entity dictionary, coding and reference model or reference terminology. The differences in terminology are understandable; this kind of work is highly interdisciplinary and integrates knowledge from linguistics, philosophy, informatics and health sciences, and there is room for
15、 misunderstanding between disciplines. This International Standard is based on other standards, with clarifications and examples appropriate to health care in order to inform those working with terminology in health care, and aims to establish a set of basic concepts required to describe formal conc
16、ept representation systems, especially for health sciences, and to describe representation of concepts and characteristics, for use especially in formal computer-based concept representation systems. These issues have previously been addressed by EN 12264, which is partly replaced by this Internatio
17、nal Standard. This document is not intended to be exhaustive, but to serve as a basis for related International Standards by reference and associated implementation guides. Informally, the term “concepts“ is often used when what is meant is “concept representations“. However, this leads to confusion
18、 when precise meanings are required. Concepts arise out of human individual and social conceptualization of the world around them. Concept representations are artefacts constructed of symbols and are often manifest in computer programs. Because they are artefacts, it is possible to be precise about
19、the functioning and capabilities of concept representations. It is more difficult to be clear about the yet poorly understood function of human conceptualization. BS ISO 17115:2007blank1Health informatics Vocabulary for terminological systems 1 Scope 1.1 Main purposes This International Standard def
20、ines a set of basic concepts required to describe formal concept representation systems, especially for health sciences, and describes representation of concepts and characteristics, for use especially in formal computer-based concept representation systems. A main motivation is to make it possible
21、to precisely describe content models described in other International Standards. The principles established by ISO/TC 37 are extended here into a formal system suited to health informatics. Potential uses for this International Standard are to describe formal definitions, parts of definitions and ho
22、w they are related, and to describe patterns for concept representation in a particular domain. 1.2 Target groups The target groups for this International Standard are developers of concept representation systems for different health care domains, developers of standards for concept representation,
23、especially those describing domain concept models, information modellers, knowledge engineers, and standards developers building information models for health information systems, such as electronic health records and decision support systems, developers of information systems that require an explic
24、it system of concepts for internal organization, data warehouse management and middleware services. 1.3 Topics not considered This International Standard does not include enumeration of axiomatic concepts and semantic links, or detailed content of health terminology systems (classifications, nomencl
25、atures or reference terminology of health concepts). 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. Selected background terms and definitions from ISO 1087-1 are provided in Annex A. NOTE The use of angular brackets (with compositional character
26、istics sorted alphabetically after semantic link) instead of . EXAMPLE 2 General language: Inflammation that has cause bacteria and has location lung (with compositional characteristics sorted alphabetically after semantic link) instead of pulmonary infection that has cause bacteria. NOTE 1 It is th
27、e preferred expression to represent a concept (A.3.2.1) in a given terminology system. NOTE 2 It is unique within the system and unambiguous. 2.4.5 categorial structure minimal set of domain constraints (2.3.2) for representing concept systems (A.3.2.11) in a subject field (A.3.1.2) 2.4.6 precoordin
28、ated concept representation compositional concept representation (2.4.1) within a formal system (2.5.1), with an equivalent single unique identifier EXAMPLE Problem = Fracture that hasLocation Femur. This is an example of how a precoordinated concept is represented. NOTE The identifier (code, term,
29、etc.) may be within or outside the terminology system in question. BS ISO 17115:200752.4.7 post-coordinated concept representation compositional concept representation (2.4.1) using more than one concept (A.3.2.1) from one or many formal systems (2.5.1), combined using mechanisms within or outside t
30、he formal systems EXAMPLE Problem.Main = “Fracture“, Problem.Location = Femur within a template for a problem description. NOTE Combining concepts from disparate terminologies can cause problems with overlapping and/or conflicting concepts. Typically, the mechanisms for making compositional concept
31、representations (2.4.1) are specified in an information model (e.g. as templates for a certain type of concept). 2.5 Terminology and information models, concept systems 2.5.1 formal concept representation system set of machine processable definitions in a subject field (A.3.1.2) 2.5.2 compositional
32、system system that supports the creation of compositional concept representations (2.4.1) 2.5.3 formal category generic concept (2.1.4) represented by a formal definition (2.4.3) NOTE This implies that the generic concepts extension (A.3.2.8) can be determined algorithmically and includes extensiona
33、lly defined concepts (A.3.2.1) and formal intensional definitions (A.3.3.2). 2.6 Specified concepts 2.6.1 mapping assigning an element in one set to an element in another set through semantic correspondence (2.6.2) NOTE It is the relation with the best semantic correspondence between an element in o
34、ne set and an element in another set. 2.6.2 semantic correspondence measure of similarity between two concepts NOTE The opposite is semantic distance. 2.6.3 instance of a concept member of the extension (A.3.2.8) of a concept (A.3.2.1) 2.6.4 focus concept representation specified representation of t
35、he concept (A.3.2.1) of interest within a formal system (2.5.1) EXAMPLE “Moderately severe inflammation caused by pneumococci located in the upper lobe of the left lung, ascertained by plain film pulmonary X-ray and sputum culture“ in the context of a diagnosis with confirmatory evidence. NOTE It in
36、cludes context information, enabling independent use. BS ISO 17115:20076 2.6.5 generic relation subtype relation relation between two concepts (A.3.2.1) where the intension (A.3.2.9) of one of the concepts includes that of the other concept and at least one additional delimiting characteristic (A.3.
37、2.7) ISO 1087-1:2000, A.3.2.21 NOTE All individuals in the extension (A.3.2.8) of the second are included in the extension of the first. EXAMPLE A generic relation exists between the concepts internal organ and heart, surgical deed and appendectomy, inflammatory disease and pericarditis. 2.7 Termino
38、logical systems 2.7.1 classification exhaustive set of mutually exclusive categories (2.1.4) to aggregate data at a pre-prescribed level of specialization (2.1.3) for a specific purpose EXAMPLE ICD 10. 2.7.2 coding scheme collection of rules that maps the elements in one set, the “coded set“ onto th
39、e elements in a second set “the code set“ ISO 2382-4 NOTE The two sets are not part of the coding scheme. 2.7.3 coding system combination of a set of concepts (A.3.2.1) coded concepts, a set of code values, and at least one coding scheme (2.7.2) mapping code values to coded concepts NOTE Coded conce
40、pts are typically represented by terms (A.3.4.3) but can have other representation. Code values are typically numeric or alphanumeric. 2.7.4 reference terminology set of atomic level designations structured to support representations of both simple and compositional concepts independent of human lan
41、guage (within machine) NOTE 1 Reference terminology is designed to uniquely represent concepts (A.2.3.1). NOTE 2 The terminology lists the concepts and specifies their structure, relationships and, if present, their systematic and formal definitions (2.4.3). 2.7.5 clinical terminology terminology re
42、quired directly or indirectly to describe health conditions and healthcare activities NOTE 1 Health conditions include symptoms, complaints, illness, diseases, disorders, etc. NOTE 2 It is used in, for example, medical records, clinical communication, and medical science. BS ISO 17115:20077Annex A (
43、normative) Selected definitions from ISO 1087-1:2000 The following terms and definitions are selected from ISO 1087-1:2000. They are included here as background to the key terms and definitions in this International Standard. For consistency, the numbering in this annex reflects the numbering in ISO
44、 1087-1:2000, with the addition of “A.“. A.3.1 Language and reality A.3.1.1 object anything perceivable or conceivable NOTE Objects may be material (e.g. an engine, a sheet of paper, a diamond), immaterial (e.g. conversion ratio, a project plan) or imagined (e.g. a unicorn). A.3.1.2 subject field do
45、main field of special knowledge NOTE The borderlines of a subject field are defined from a purpose-related point of view. A.3.2 Concepts A.3.2.1 concept unit of knowledge created by a unique combination of characteristics (A.3.2.4) NOTE Concepts are not necessarily bound to particular languages. The
46、y are, however, influenced by the social or cultural background often leading to different categorizations. A.3.2.2 individual concept concept (A.3.2.1) which corresponds to only one object (A.3.1.1) EXAMPLES Individual concepts are: Saturn, the Eiffel Tower. NOTE Examples of individual concepts are
47、 usually represented by appellations (A.3.4.2). A.3.2.3 general concept concept (A.3.2.1) which corresponds to two or more objects (A.3.1.1) which form a group by reason of common properties EXAMPLES General concepts are planet, tower. A.3.2.4 characteristic abstraction of a property of an object (A
48、.3.1.1) or of a set of objects (A.3.1.1) NOTE Characteristics are used for describing concepts (A.3.2.1). A.3.2.5 type of characteristics category of characteristics (A.3.2.4) which serves as the criterion of subdivision when establishing concept systems (A.3.2.11) BS ISO 17115:20078 NOTE The type o
49、f characteristics “colour“ embraces characteristics “being red, blue, green“, etc. The type of characteristics “material“ embraces characteristics “made of wood, metal“, etc. A.3.2.6 essential characteristic characteristic (A.3.2.4) which is indispensable to understanding a concept (A.3.2.1) A.3.2.7 delimiting characteristic essential characteristic (A.3.2.6) used for distinguishing a concept (A.3.2.1) from related concepts (A.3.2.1) NOTE The delimiting characteristic “support for the back“ may be used f
