1、Underwater acoustics Measurement of radiated underwater sound from percussive pile drivingBS ISO 18406:2017BSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 18406:2017.The UK participation in its pr
2、eparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/1/7, Underwater acoustics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
3、 application.ISBN 978 0 580 81366 5ICS 17.140.30Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2017.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate
4、Text affected BRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 18406:2017 ISO 2017Underwater acoustics Measurement of radiated underwater sound from percussive pile drivingAcoustique sous-marine Mesurage du son sous-marin mis lors de lenfoncement de pieux marinsINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO18406First edition2017-04-01Reference n
5、umberISO 18406:2017(E)BS ISO 18406:2017ISO 18406:2017(E)ii ISO 2017 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2017, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, elec
6、tronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernie
7、r, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 18406:2017ISO 18406:2017(E)Foreword vIntroduction vi1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 24 Instrumentation 54.1 General . 54.2 Performance of the measuring system . 54.2.1 Sensit
8、ivity . 54.2.2 Frequency range and sampling rate 64.2.3 Directivity 74.2.4 Signal-to-noise ratio requirements 74.2.5 System self-noise . 74.2.6 Dynamic range . 74.3 Calibration 84.3.1 Full system calibration 84.3.2 Field calibration checks . 94.4 Data storage . 94.4.1 Data quality 94.4.2 Auxiliary c
9、alibration data . 94.4.3 Longevity 95 Deployment for measurement . 95.1 Deployment methodology . 95.1.1 General 95.1.2 Vessel based deployments . 95.1.3 Static deployments (moored systems) 105.1.4 Drifting systems .115.2 Hydrophone deployment 115.2.1 Hydrophone deployment depth in offshore waters .1
10、15.2.2 Hydrophone deployment depth in inshore waters .115.2.3 Number of hydrophones 115.3 Minimization of platform-related deployment self-noise.125.3.1 General. 125.3.2 Flow noise . 125.3.3 Cable strum 125.3.4 Surface heave .125.3.5 Vessel noise 135.3.6 Mechanical noise.135.3.7 Electrical noise .13
11、6 Acoustic measurement configuration .146.1 Spatial sampling (choosing measurement locations) 146.1.1 Criteria for measurement locations .146.1.2 Recommended locations for offshore measurements 146.1.3 Recommended locations for inshore measurements 156.1.4 Measurements of background noise for the pu
12、rposes of SNR determination.166.1.5 Measurements of piles driven at a slant angle to the seabed .166.2 Temporal sampling Measurement duration 166.3 Distance measurement . 166.4 Data processing and calculation of acoustic metrics 176.4.1 Data processing steps .176.4.2 Acoustic metrics to be calculate
13、d .187 Measurement uncertainty .21 ISO 2017 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 18406:2017ISO 18406:2017(E)7.1 General 217.2 Sources of uncertainty . 217.2.1 Uncertainty in the calibration of instrumentation 217.2.2 Uncertainty in the position of source and receiver .227.2.3 Spurious signals
14、introduced by the deployment .227.3 Evaluating uncertainty 228 Reporting of results 228.1 Auxiliary data and metadata 228.1.1 General . 228.1.2 Mandatory 228.1.3 Optional 238.2 Pile characteristics 238.3 Deployment configuration . 248.3.1 Mandatory 248.3.2 Optional 248.4 Reporting of measurement res
15、ults . 248.4.1 Mandatory 248.4.2 Optional 25Annex A (informative) Consideration of source output metrics .26Annex B (informative) Guidance on the use of hydrophones .28Bibliography .30iv ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS ISO 18406:2017ISO 18406:2017(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Sta
16、ndardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the righ
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21、n the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/forewo
22、rd.html.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 43, Acoustics, Subcommittee SC 3, Underwater acoustics. ISO 2017 All rights reserved vBS ISO 18406:2017ISO 18406:2017(E)IntroductionThis document was written to provide a standardized measurement method for the measurement of the radia
23、ted underwater sound during percussive pile driving.Sound is often an unintended by-product of man-made activities, and the increasing number of sound-producing human activities in oceans, seas, lakes, rivers and harbours have led to concern over noise pollution from unwanted sound and its potential
24、 effect on aquatic life. In some countries, there is already incipient regulation with regard to the impact of the radiated underwater sound, requiring acoustic monitoring for environmental impact assessment during construction projects.Percussive pile driving can be a significant source of low-freq
25、uency impulsive underwater sound. During the process, a pile is driven into the seabed (or river-bed, etc.) using a hammer, which is typically driven hydraulically. Such a technique is commonly used to position piles in shallow water construction applications. Examples of such applications include t
26、he following: construction of offshore wind farms; construction and mooring of platforms for the offshore oil and gas industry; construction of bridge supports and foundations in rivers, estuaries, harbours and quays (and close proximity to them); mooring and positioning of aquatic renewable energy
27、devices.In the scientific literature, a number of attempts to measure the water-borne noise levels have been reported1-13. Often, these are difficult to compare because different acoustic metrics are used, and this has led to guidance being provided to address the need within individual countries14-
28、16. The measurement of piling noise is made difficult by a number of factors. The source extends from the water surface to the seabed (or river-bed, etc.), generating sound waves in water, air and seabed, and vibrating the seabed surface. The environment is often shallow water which gives rise to su
29、bstantial reverberation, and bathymetric features and seabed (or river-bed, etc.) interaction can strongly influence the propagation of the sound.Often, simple assumptions about equivalent point sources have been used in measurements and for propagation modelling without sufficient validation. Progr
30、ess with modelling the source has been reported in the scientific literature, but a complete understanding has not yet been achieved17-22.The aim of this document is to provide procedures and methodologies for measurement of sound radiation into the water, and recommend acoustic metrics to describe
31、the sound field. The assessment of impact of the radiated sound on marine life is not part of the scope of this document.vi ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS ISO 18406:2017Underwater acoustics Measurement of radiated underwater sound from percussive pile driving1 ScopeThis document describes the method
32、ologies, procedures, and measurement systems to be used for the measurement of the radiated underwater acoustic sound generated during pile driving using percussive blows with a hammer.A major motivation for undertaking measurements of the sound radiated during percussive pile driving is as part of
33、an assessment of impact on aquatic fauna required by regulatory frameworks. This document describes a generic approach to measurements that can be applied to different regulatory requirements.This document is suitable for measurement of percussive pile driving undertaken for offshore installation of
34、 foundations (monopiles, jackets, tripods, etc.) used in construction of offshore wind farms, oil and gas platforms, and other inshore structures such as bridge foundations and aquatic renewable energy devices. This document does not cover measurement of the sound radiated by vibro-piling or sheet p
35、iling. This document does not cover piling in water of depth less than 4 m or greater than 100 m.The procedures described herein provide guidance on making measurements to satisfy the following objectives: to monitor source output during piling, for example, for regulatory purposes; to provide consi
36、stency in comparison of piling noise from different construction projects; for validation of modelling or predictions.This document covers only the measurement of the sound field radiated during percussive pile driving. The scope of this document does not include the assessment of exposure metrics,
37、or the use of exposure criteria. No attempt is made to prescribe a methodology for generating maps of the acoustic field in the vicinity of the source.In the normative part of this document, requirements and procedures are described for measurement of the sound field at specific ranges from the pile
38、 being driven. In this part of the document, no procedure is provided for determination of an acoustic output metric that is independent of the propagation path between source and receiver (such as a source level). Ideally, such a metric would have some predictive utility (for example, in calculatin
39、g noise impact zones and noise maps). However, some information on the determination of a possible acoustic output metric is provided in Annex A.This document covers only the measurement of sound pressure in the water column. The scope does not include measurement of sound particle velocity in the w
40、ater column due to the propagating sound wave, or seabed vibration caused by waves propagating across the sea-floor. This exclusion does not imply that such measures are unimportant; indeed, their importance in assessing the impact on aquatic life is recognized. However, at the time of drafting, mea
41、surement of these quantities is not yet mature enough for standardization.2 Normative referencesThe following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For und
42、ated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 18405, Underwater acoustics TerminologyINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18406:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 18406:2017ISO 18406:2017(E)3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this docume
43、nt, the terms and definitions given in ISO 18405 (especially: sound pressure, sound pressure level, mean-square sound pressure level, sound exposure, sound exposure level, peak sound pressure, peak sound pressure level) and the following apply.NOTE Although the definitions of sound exposure and soun
44、d exposure level are taken from ISO 18405, specific nomenclature is used in this document for sound exposure level calculated over the duration of one acoustic pulse, and over the duration of multiple acoustic pulses; this nomenclature is described in 3.2.ISO and IEC maintain terminological database
45、s for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at http:/www.electropedia.org/ ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:/www.iso.org/obp3.1pulse durationpercentage energy signal duration over the acoustic pulseNote 1 to entry: The percentage energy signal
46、duration is defined in ISO 18405.Note 2 to entry: The energy percentage over which the pulse duration has been calculated should be stated with the result. For the purposes of this document, the energy percentage for the pulse duration is 90 %.Note 3 to entry: In general, in shallow water, the acous
47、tic pulse includes multiple arrivals of the outgoing acoustic waves, including multi-path signal arrivals from surface and seabed. In reverberant environments such as harbours, where sound waves may be reflected by boundaries such as harbour walls, it may be difficult to identify individual outgoing
48、 acoustic pulses.3.2sound exposure levelSELlevel of the sound exposure, for a specified reference valueNote 1 to entry: The sound exposure level is as defined in ISO 18405.Note 2 to entry: The sound exposure level for an individual acoustic pulse (corresponding to a single hammer strike) is calculat
49、ed over the pulse duration on the basis of 100 % of the pulse energy. For the purposes of this document, this is termed the single strike sound exposure level (abbreviated as SELss). It is recognized that in the scientific literature, this parameter is sometimes called the single pulse sound exposure level.Note 3 to entry: The sound exposure level over a defined period of time, which includes multiple acoustic pulses, is, for the purposes of this document, termed the cumulative sound exposure level (abbreviated as SELcum). Wh
