1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 18458:2015Biomimetics Terminology,concepts and methodologyBS ISO 18458:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 18458:2015. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee AMT/-/4, Biomimet
2、ics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI St
3、andards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 81320 7 ICS 07.080 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationD
4、ate T e x t a f f e c t e d ISO 2015Biomimetics Terminology, concepts and methodologyBiomimtique Terminologie, concepts et mthodologieINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO 18458First edition 2015-05-15Reference number ISO 18458:2015(E)BS ISO 18458:2015ISO 18458:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PR
5、OTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without pr
6、ior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 18
7、458:2015ISO 18458:2015(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Terms and definitions . 13 What is biomimetics?. 33.1 Essentials of biomimetics 33.2 Boundaries to and areas of overlap with related sciences 43.3 Biomimetic products and processes 54 Reasons and occasions for using biomimetic methods 64
8、.1 Possibilities, performance, and success factors for biomimetics 64.2 Biomimetics and sustainability 74.3 Limits of biomimetics 84.4 Communication process in biomimetics 85 Biomimetic engineering process . 85.1 General . 85.2 Development of new ideas 95.3 Abstraction and analogy 125.4 Planning pha
9、se to invention . 136 Implementation of biomimetics in the innovation approach .14Annex A (informative) Examples .15Bibliography .23 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 18458:2015ISO 18458:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federati
10、on of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee
11、. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and tho
12、se intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (
13、see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the doc
14、ument will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and
15、 expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 266, Biomimetics.iv ISO 2015 All
16、rights reservedBS ISO 18458:2015ISO 18458:2015(E)IntroductionBiomimetics is understood to be the application of research and development approaches of interest to practical applications and which use knowledge gained from the analysis of biological systems to find solutions to problems, create new i
17、nventions and innovations, and transfer this knowledge to technical systems. The idea of transferring biological principles to technology is the central element of biomimetics (see Clause 3 for a definition of biomimetics).The basic motivation behind the transfer of biological solutions to technical
18、 applications is the assumption that biological structures are optimized to their needs and can be the source of significant and convincing applications. To date, over 2,5 million different species have been identified and described to a great extent together with their specific characteristics. In
19、terms of biomimetics, there is therefore a gigantic pool of ideas available for solutions to practical problems.Historically, the development of biomimetics can be divided into the following phases:1model-based biomimetics was introduced starting around 1950 primarily for use in the design and const
20、ruction of aircraft, vehicles, and ships by deriving modelling rules based on similarity theory for transferring the principles of biological systems to technical designs. Around 1960, the two pillars of biomimetics (biology and technology) were combined linguistically for the first time due to the
21、influence of cybernetics and placed on a common linguistic and methodical foundation. This foundation then became an important basis for the central element of the field of biomimetics: the transfer of knowledge. Since about 1980, biomimetics has also been extended down to the microscale and nanosca
22、le (e.g. the Lotus-EffectText )2. New methods in measurement and manufacturing technology were the keys to these extensions. Since the 1990s, biomimetics has received further impetus, in particular due to the rapid technological development in the related fields of computer science, nanotechnology,
23、mechatronics, and biotechnology. In many cases, it is new developments in these fields that enable the transfer of complex biological systems in the first place3.Today, the field of biomimetics is increasingly considered a scientific discipline that has generated numerous innovations in products and
24、 technologies. This highly interdisciplinary collaborative work, which brings together experts from the fields of biology, engineering sciences, and numerous other disciplines, possesses a particularly high potential for innovation4. For this reason, biomimetics has now become an object of research
25、and education at numerous universities and extramural research institutions. However, manufacturing companies are also increasingly turning to biomimetic methods to develop new products or to optimize existing products. In spite of the increasing number of researchers and users active in the field o
26、f biomimetics, the transfer of knowledge from the field of biology to technology is still a complex process that places high demands on the people involved.Nature has numerous “ingenious solutions” available that can often be understood intuitively. It is seldom easy, though, to explain the underlyi
27、ng mechanisms and in particular, to explain how they could be applied to technology. This discrepancy is one reason for the current and ongoing relevance of the field of biomimetics, which will also continue into the next decades5. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 18458:2015ISO 18458:2015(E)BS I
28、SO 18458:2015Biomimetics Terminology, concepts and methodology1 ScopeThis International Standard provides a framework for the terminology on biomimetics in scientific, industrial, and educational purposes.This International Standard is intended to provide a suitable framework for biomimetic applicat
29、ions. The field of biomimetics is classified and defined, numerous terms are described, and a description of the process of applying biomimetic methods from the development of new ideas to the biomimetic product is provided. The limits and potential of biomimetics as an innovation approach or as a s
30、ustainability strategy are also illustrated. In addition, this International Standard provides an overview of the various areas of application and describes how biomimetic methods differ from classic forms of research and development. If a technical system is subjected to a development process accor
31、ding to this International Standard, then it is allowed to be referred to as a “biomimetic” system.This International Standard provides guidance and support for developers, designers, and users who want to learn about the biomimetic development process and integrate biomimetic methods into their wor
32、k aiming at a common language for scientists and engineers working in the field of biomimetics. It can be applied wherever nature has produced a biological system sufficiently similar to the technical target system that can be used to develop a technical equivalent.2 Terms and definitionsFor the pur
33、poses of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.2.1abstractioninductive process in which a general conclusion is drawn based on the observation of a specific objectNote 1 to entry: In biomimetics, this conclusion is ideally a physical context for describing the underlying functiona
34、l and operating principles of the biological systems.2.2analogyanalogy in terms of technology is understood to be a similarity in the relationships between the relevant parameters used to describe two different systemsNote 1 to entry: The specification of the relevant parameters is the object of abs
35、traction (2.1). In terms of its definition in the field of biomimetics (2.9), one of these two systems is a biological system (2.6), and the other system is the technical target system.Note 2 to entry: In biology, the term “analogy” refers to similarities in functional characteristics between differ
36、ent organisms that resulted from the need to adapt and not because the organisms are somehow related. In contrast, similarities based on relationship dependencies, and therefore on similar genetic information, are referred to as homologies. In biology, the term “analogy” has come to be understood dy
37、namically and emphasizes in particular the differences between the starting points of two evolutionary developments.2.3analysissystematic examination in which the biological or technical system is decomposed into its component parts using suitable methods, after which the parts are then organized an
38、d evaluatedNote 1 to entry: The opposite of analysis, in terms of its aspect of “resolution into individual parts”, is referred to as synthesis (recomposition).INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18458:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 18458:2015ISO 18458:2015(E)2.4bioengineeringapplication of eng
39、ineering knowledge to the fields of medicine or biology2.5bioinspirationcreative approach based on the observation of biological systems (2.6)Note 1 to entry: The relation to the biological system (2.6) may only be loose.2.6biological systemcoherent group of observable elements originating from the
40、living world spanning from nanoscale to macroscale2.7biology pushbiomimetic development process in which the knowledge gained from basic research in the field of biology is used as the starting point and is applied to the development of new technical productsNote 1 to entry: In technology, biology p
41、ush is considered as a bottom-up process.Note 2 to entry: In design research, biology push is considered as “solution driven”6.Note 3 to entry: See also technology pull (2.19).2.8biomimicrybiomimetismphilosophy and interdisciplinary design approaches taking nature as a model (2.15) to meet the chall
42、enges of sustainable development (2.17) (social, environmental, and economic)2.9biomimeticsinterdisciplinary cooperation of biology and technology or other fields of innovation with the goal of solving practical problems through the function analysis of biological systems (2.6), their abstraction (2
43、.1) into models (2.15), and the transfer into and application of these models to the solutionNote 1 to entry: Criteria 1 to 3 of Table 1 shall be fulfilled for a product to be biomimetic.2.10bionicstechnical discipline that seeks to replicate, increase, or replace biological functions by their elect
44、ronic and/or mechanical equivalents2.11componentelement of an assembly that cannot be decomposed any further2.12functionrole played by the behaviour of a system (2.18) in an environment2.13inventionact of creating something new or improved or product of this creationNote 1 to entry: An invention the
45、refore differs from an innovation, for which market diffusion is a prerequisite.2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 18458:2015ISO 18458:2015(E)2.14materialcollective term for the substances needed to manufacture and operate machines, but also to build constructionsNote 1 to entry: The term “materia
46、l” is used in the following as a general term for all biological materials and structures.Note 2 to entry: It includes raw materials, working materials (2.20), semi-finished products, auxiliary supplies, operating materials, as well as parts and assemblies. The term “material” is used in the sense o
47、f working materials (2.20).Note 3 to entry: Biological materials are organic and/or mineral substances produced by living organisms. Due to their hierarchical structure from the molecular to the macroscopic level, it is not possible to clearly distinguish between the terms “material” and “structure”
48、 in the field of biology.2.15modelcoherent and usable abstraction (2.1) originating from observations of biological systems (2.6)2.16structuretype and arrangement of the components (2.11) in a system (2.18)2.17sustainabilitysustainable developmentdevelopment that satisfies the requirements of the pr
49、esent without risking that future generations will not be able to satisfy their own requirementsNote 1 to entry: Nature technology is the concept of human and the earth conscious technology learning from the perfect circulation of the nature that has super-low environmental burden, high functionality, and sustainability7.2.18systemset of interacting or interdependent components (2.11) forming an integrated whole with a defined boundary2.19technology pullbiomimetic development process in which an existing functional technical product is prov
