1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 18922:2003 Imaging materials Processed photographic films Methods for determining scratch resistance ICS 37.040.20 BS ISO 18922:2003 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 7 May 2003 BSI 7 May 2003 ISBN 0 580
2、41812 X National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 18922:2003 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CPW/42, Photography, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on
3、this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Sea
4、rch” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal o
5、bligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summa
6、ry of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to vi, pages 1 to 11 and a back cover. The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsINTER
7、NATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18922 First edition 2003-05-01 Reference number ISO 18922:2003(E) Imaging materials Processed photographic films Methods for determining scratch resistance Matriaux pour image Films photographiques dvelopps Mthodes de dtermination de la rsistance la rayureii BSISO18922:2003 ISO
8、 29813002:2)E( ISO 3002 r llAithgs reservde iii Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Method A 1 3.1 Apparatus . 1 3.2 Specimen preparation . 2 3.3 Procedure . 2 3.4 Rating . 4 3.5 Evaluation 4 3.6 Interpretation . 4 3.7 Test report 5 4 Method B 5 4.1 Apparatus . 5 4.2 Specimen preparat
9、ion . 5 4.3 Procedure . 6 4.4 Test report 6 Annexes Annex A (informative) Numbering system for related International Standards 7 Annex B (informative) Validity of test methods . 9 Bibliography . 11 BSISO18922:2003iiiISO :22981(3002)E vi ISO 3002 All rithgs reresvde Foreword ISO (the International Or
10、ganization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been establ
11、ished has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardizati
12、on. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
13、 Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such pa
14、tent rights. ISO 18922 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography. This International Standard is one of a series of International Standards dealing with the physical properties and stability of imaging materials. To facilitate identification of these International Standards, they ar
15、e assigned a number within the block from 18 900 to 18 999 (see Annex A). BSISO18922:2003ivISO 29813002:2)E( ISO 3002 r llAithgs reservde v Introduction Processed photographic film should have sufficient scratch or abrasion resistance to permit satisfactory performance when it is used in equipment f
16、or which it is intended and under conditions likely to be encountered. Treatments to enhance the scratch resistance of film are commercially available. Test methods are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of such treatments, as well as to rate the inherent scratch resistance of photographic film. S
17、cratch resistance is a complex and abstruse characteristic. Processed photographic film is subjected to several varieties of scratch, such as those caused by grit particles or by cinching in rolls. Since each variety has a different physical mechanism, scratch resistance of film is not an absolute,
18、singular property. One film may be rated superior to another in one test, while the opposite ranking may be found in another test. There is not a scratch or abrasion test capable of ranking a variety of film types as they would behave under different practical conditions. The test methods described
19、in this document yield results that correlate rather successfully with practical use in some applications, but not in all. The scratch resistance of photographic film is affected by relative humidity, processing conditions and surface friction. This means that scratch tests on photographic film are
20、to be carried out in a controlled atmosphere with proper processing and without touching of the film surface or other handling that might unintentionally lubricate the surface. In some cases, such as lacquered or freshly processed film, the scratch resistance may change with age. Lubrication general
21、ly increases the scratch resistance of a film surface. Lubrication can be detected by the method described in ISO 18904. Both the emulsion layer and the base side of processed photographic film are susceptible to scratching or abrasion. However, many film-handling machines are designed to protect th
22、e emulsion side as much as possible, so that the base side takes the brunt of the wear. The test methods given in this document are applicable to both sides of the film. Scratch resistance greatly depends upon the geometry of the stylus used in the test. Styli that are nominally the same may differ
23、widely in scratch characteristics. For this reason, the methods described in this International Standard are good for material comparisons using a single stylus point. However, agreement of scratch levels obtained with different equipment may be poor. Unprocessed photographic emulsions generally exh
24、ibit photographic scratch or abrasion sensitivity (made visible by development) at lower levels than those where physical scratch is apparent. Method A (see Clause 3) can be used to determine photographic abrasion sensitivity, if desired; the test should be performed in the dark, and the specimen sh
25、ould then be processed. BSISO18922:2003v. iv BSISO18922:2003viINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18922:2003(E) ISO 3002 r llAithgs reservde 1 Imaging materials Processed photographic films Methods for determining scratch resistance 1S c o p e This International Standard is applicable to evaluating the scrat
26、ch resistance of dry, processed photographic film. It specifies two test methods for evaluating the scratch resistance on either the emulsion or the base side. The two test methods usually give comparable results. It provides empirical laboratory tests made under controlled conditions, but does not
27、necessarily predict the actual scratch resistance of a film in any particular commercial machine. Method A (see Clause 3) gives a measure of the minimum load requirement to produce a scratch, requires less elaborate evaluation equipment and is less stringent in its requirements of the optical condit
28、ion of the specimens. Method B (see Clause 4) provides a measurement of haze produced by various stylus loads, is a more complete measure of scratch characteristics of a material and is the preferred method. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the applicat
29、ion of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ANSI/ASTM D1003-95, Test method for haze and luminous transmittance of transparent plastics 3M e t h o d A 3.1 Apparat
30、us The apparatus shall consist of a specimen holder that will hold the specimen flat on a smooth glass plate. The specimen holder should permit smooth, linear, horizontal travel of the specimen for a distance of at least without sidewise motion, and the holder may be either manually operated or powe
31、r driven. A spherical sapphire stylus of either or radius shall be used 1) . It shall be mounted at the end of a pivoted arm, so that it can be lowered onto the specimen and thereby scribe a line on it when the specimen holder travels along under the stylus. The stylus shall make perpendicular conta
32、ct with the specimen. The stylus arm may be pivoted on a threaded hinge with a knurled knob or other provision for positioning the stylus laterally so that many parallel scribe lines can be made on the same specimen. Alternatively, the specimen holder can be provided with lateral positioning and a s
33、imple pivot used on the stylus arm. 1) Sapphire styli generally give results that usually reflect trade experience. They may be obtained from the following sources: Stanton, Inc., 101 Sunnyside Blvd., Plainview, NY 11803, USA; Carbide Probes, Inc., 1328 Research Park Dr., Dayton, OH 45432, USA; Sint
34、o Kagaku, Co., Ltd., Nukui 2-16-30, Nerina, Tokyo 176, Japan. This information is given for the convenience of users of this International Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of these suppliers. Diamond styli have the advantage of greater durability, but because of their different
35、 friction properties they are frequently less sensitive to differences between materials. 20 mm 0,050 mm 0,075 mm BSISO18922:20031ISO :22981(3002)E 2 ISO 3002 All rithgs reresvde The stylus arm shall be counterbalanced so that it produces no load on the stylus. The weights shall be designed so that,
36、 when used singly or in combination, the centre of gravity of the mass will be positioned directly over the stylus. Preferably, this should provide for automatic, accurate positioning. These weights should range from to , but are not necessarily limited to this range. An example of a scratch test in
37、strument is shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 shows a mechanical drawing of the same apparatus. Exact dimensions are not critical, except with respect to the stylus. NOTE The test apparatus for mushiness, described in ISO 18914, may be adapted for this test which is constructed so that the load is continu
38、ously increased as the stylus arm is drawn across the specimen. However, it is not as satisfactory since only a single point, rather than a line, is obtained at each load level. 3.2 Specimen preparation Film specimens should preferably be processed so that there is no significant optical density. Fi
39、lm exposed with an image that contains some clear areas is also usable. Film shall be processed in the normal manner for the specific product, except where the effect of processing variables is being investigated. NOTE Some optical density, up to 0,7, can be tolerated with only a minor effect on the
40、 results. However, it is best to avoid density entirely when possible. Care shall be taken in handling specimens to avoid fingerprints. Use of “medicated” cotton gloves, or any other practice that might contaminate the film surface shall be avoided. Film shall be conditioned in individual strip form
41、at for at least at the relative humidity (RH) at which the test will be conducted. During the conditioning operation, there shall be no handling of the test surface. 3.3 Procedure A temperature of and a relative humidity of are suggested test conditions. However, other relative humidities, such as a
42、nd , may prove useful. Key 1h i n g e 2 knob 3 pivoted arm 4s t y l u s 5 specimen holder 6 aperture Figure 1 Spherical stylus scratch tester 1 g 100 g 2h 23 C5 0 % 15 % RH 70 % RH BSISO18922:20032ISO 29813002:2)E( ISO 3002 r llAithgs reservde 3 The scratch test shall be performed as follows: the fi
43、lm specimen is placed in the specimen holder, and the stylus is laterally positioned toward one side of the specimen; a weight is then positioned above the stylus, and the specimen holder is drawn forward with the stylus riding in contact with the surface of the specimen. A speed of to /s is desirab
44、le; two scratch lines, at least long, are made at each load, spaced approximately apart. The line pairs may be separated by a spacing or more. A set of triple lines may be used occasionally to index the lines according to the load; after each line is made, the stylus shall be cleaned of any residual
45、 particles from the film surface. This can be accomplished by gently rotating the stylus into the grainy surface of soft balsa wood. NOTE The effect of lubricant carry-over on the stylus after testing a lubricated specimen is usually negligible. The rate of scratching is unimportant within the range
46、 that can reasonably be obtained manually. The load range may be varied to suit the material being tested. A recommended set of loads in grams for this test is , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . This range may be extended if required. A preliminary spot check of specific specimens may be used t
47、o determine the approximate load level required so that only the appropriate portion of the load range need be tried. Key 1h i n g e 2k n o b 3 pivoted arm 4s t y l u s 5 specimen holder 6 aperture Figure 2 Construction of spherical stylus scratch tester 1g 10 mm/s 50 mm/s 20 mm 1 mm 3mm 1 g 2 g 4 g
48、 6 g 8 g 10 g 15 g 20 g 25 g 30 g 35 g 40 g 50 g 60 g 70 g 80 g 90 g 100 g BSISO18922:20033ISO :22981(3002)E 4 ISO 3002 All rithgs reresvde 3.4 Rating The rating of the scratch specimen is taken as the load in grams that produces the first visible scratch. The specimen shall be viewed by the means t
49、hat corresponds most closely to the actual use of the film. Three methods are suggested: viewing the specimen using transmitted light; viewing the specimen in a microfilm reader; viewing the specimen in a slide projector. In the projection method, the specimen is held in a slide mount. The screen shall be flat-white (not beaded) and located at a distance from the projector that will produce an image approximately in length (approx
